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Introduction In 2007, the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh introduced the Rajiv Aarogyasri community health insurance scheme (RAS) in order to break the vicious cycle of ill health, poverty, indebtedness and bankruptcy among families who are below the poverty line (BPL). The purpose of the scheme was to improve access to treatment of certain medical and surgical conditions for BPL families throug...

Constitutively active RAS small GTPases promote the genesis of human cancers. An important goal in cancer biology is to identify means of countervailing activated RAS signaling to reverse malignant transformation. Oncogenic K-RAS mutations are found in virtually all pancreatic adenocarcinomas, making the RAS pathway an ideal target for therapeutic intervention. How to best contravene hyperactiv...

BACKGROUND The lateral segregation of Ras proteins into transient plasma membrane nanoclusters is essential for high-fidelity signal transmission by the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this spatially constrained signaling system, the dynamics of Ras nanocluster assembly and disassembly control MAPK signal output. RESULTS We show here that BRaf inhibitors paradoxically ...

The object of this study is to evaluate the additional role of RAS mutation in detecting thyroid malignancy among BRAF mutation-negative nodules diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) on cytology.From December 2009 to December 2011, 202 BRAF mutation-negative thyroid nodules diagnosed as AUS/FLUS cytology in 201 patients were i...

Mammalian cells contain three closely related ras genes, H-ras, K-ras and N-ras. Although in a given tumour type, oncogenic mutations are selectively observed in only one of the ras genes, the acquisition of the transformed phenotype has been shown to require the contribution of the normal products of the other ras genes. Here we demonstrate that oncogenic K-Ras promotes the activation of wild-...

1 TRANSFORMATION BY ONCOGENIC RAS SENSITIZES HUMAN COLON CELLS TO TRAIL INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY UPREGULATING DR4 AND DR5 THROUGH A MEKDEPENDENT PATHWAY Konstantinos G. Drosopoulos , Michael L. Roberts, Lukas Cermak, Takehiko Sasazuki, Senji Shirasawa, Ladislav Andera and Alexander Pintzas Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National He...

Although members of the RAS protein family (Ha-, Ki-, and N-RAS) are known to play a key role in normal cell proliferation and to be frequently mutated in naturally occurring tumors, it remains unclear which of these proteins functions to regulate growth in normal cells. Gene-specific oligonucleotides (oligos) against c-Ki-RAS (ISIS 6957), c-Ha-RAS (ISIS 2503), and oncogenic Ha-RAS (ISIS 2570) ...

To determine if expression of mutant p21 ras could convert Simian Virus 40-immortalized human uroepithelial cell line (SV-HUC) to tumorigenicity, SV-HUC cells were transfected with pSV2-neo (a neomycin-resistant gene) or PREJ/ras (c-HA-ras-1 with the 12th codon mutation and neo). Seven independent G418-resistant clones (A----G) were isolated from each group (SV-HUC/ras and SV-HUC/neo). SV-HUC/r...