OBJECTIVE Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and its essential oil have been traditionally used to treat many conditions and symptoms such as premenstrual problems, mastalgia, inflammation, sexual dysfunction, and pain. In this study, the effects of essential oil extracted from Vitex agnus-castus (EOVAC) leaves were investigated in three behavioral models of nociception in adult male Wistar rats. MATER...

Introduction: Medical undergraduates are heavily burdened by their curriculum. The females, in addition, suffer from vivid affective or somatic premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms such as bloating, mastalgia, insomnia, fatigue, mood swings, irritability, and depression. The present study was proposed to attenuate the symptoms of PMS by simple lifestyle measures like yoga and/or oral calcium. M...

BACKGROUND Acupuncture as a therapy, and acupressure as self-treatment, are increasingly widely used for gynaecological conditions, and this study aims to review the scientific literature on their effectiveness. METHOD A systematic review of controlled trials of acupuncture or acupressure for gynaecological conditions, published in a European language. SYNTHESIS No studies in mastalgia, men...

OBJECTIVE A randomized, multicenter, controlled double-blind trial was performed in women with cyclic breast pain (mastalgia) associated with fibrocystic breast changes (FBCs) to determine whether a nutritional formula reduced breast pain and/or nodularity. STUDY DESIGN Women were randomized to receive a specifically designed liquid formulation (n = 93) (1 g gamma-linolenic acid [GLA], 750 μg...

UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to evaluate the seric ions level and its relationship with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms in young women. METHOD Ninety-three volunteers were monitored for three months. The nutritional status evaluation was based on BMI. Three "maps of daily symptoms" were used to investigate the frequency of the SPM symptoms. The biochemical evaluation was done in t...

ANDI (Aberration of normal development and involution) classification covers most of the benign breast conditions as a result of hormonal influence. Prolactin plays an important role in normal proliferation and differentiation of breast epithelium. The objective of this hospital based study was to find out clinical presentation and prolactin level of ANDI patients. Total 330 patients with diffe...

Introduction: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, which accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses. Because of this, there is a paucity of focussed work available and most data is derived from female breast cancer studies. Recently, there has been speculation of increased incidence, and we sought to verify this by reviewing our own experience with MBC. Methods and Materi...