Conventional hedonic analysis measures willingness to pay for attributes on the basis of marginal fixed costs. We argue that in many cases variable costs are also affected by these attributes and that this should be taken into account. We develop a simple model to show that the marginal willingness to pay for a quality attribute has to be equal to the full marginal cost, which includes marginal...

BACKGROUND Clustered data with binary outcomes are often analysed using random intercepts models or generalised estimating equations (GEE) resulting in cluster-specific or 'population-average' inference, respectively. METHODS When a random effects model is fitted to clustered data, predictions may be produced for a member of an existing cluster by using estimates of the fixed effects (regress...

• For the analysis of square contingency tables, Tomizawa, Miyamoto and Ashihara (2003) considered a measure to represent the degree of departure from marginal homogeneity. However, the maximum value of this measure cannot distinguish two kinds of marginal inhomogeneity. This paper proposes a measure which can distinguish two kinds of marginal inhomogeneity for square tables with ordered catego...