An assumption in case-control studies is that forces of selection are the same for cases and controls. This may not be true for studies of male infertility among infertility clients. Earlier reproductive outcomes may introduce modification of risk behavior or differential referral. Selection bias might also occur when infertile males are compared with fertile males. Partners of sterile men are ...

introduction: child mortality indices are key element that reflects health status of societies and inform policy makers to take suitable policies to reduce them. this study was performed to examine the main determinants of under-5 mortality rate (u5mr) in oecd countries in two cross-sections, 2010 and 2013, and the results of them was compared. material and methods: this was a cross- sectional ...

BACKGROUND Imbalances in female career promotion are a key factor of gender disparities at the workplace. They may lead to stress and stress-related diseases including burnout, depression or cardiovascular diseases. Since this problem cannot be generalized and varies between different fields, new approaches are needed to assess and describe the magnitude of the problem in single fields of work....

Male mating behaviors harmful to females have been described in a wide range of species. However, the direct and indirect fitness consequences of harmful male behaviors have been rarely quantified for females and their offspring, especially for long-lived organisms under natural conditions. Here, lifetime and intergenerational consequences of harmful male interactions were investigated in femal...

spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (sshe) is a rare entity can have several reasons. its prevalence in population is 0.1 per 100,000 with the male to female ratio of 1/4:1. for the first time jackson in 1869 reported a case of sshe and after that it was declared as several hundred cases in literatures. here, a case of sshe was reported in a 52 year-old male referred to emergency department fo...

BACKGROUND We investigated the relationship between patterns of sex and hand differences in circadian wrist activity and digit ratio, a marker for prenatal androgen exposure. If the contribution of prenatal androgen exposure to sex differences in digit ratio underlies sex differences in circadian wrist activity, we predict that patterns of wrist activity will be correlated with digit ratio. M...

OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between serum levels of B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) and disease activity (DAS28) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. METHODS Twenty-two male and 31 female psoriasis patients fulfilling the CASPAR criteria for PsA were recruited for the study. Disease activity was recorded using the disease activity score for 28 joints...

Cell phones have become a vital part of everyday life. However, the health risks associated with their usage are often overlooked. Recently, evidence from several studies supports a growing claim that cell phone usage may have a detrimental effect on sperm parameters leading to decreased male fertility. Nonetheless, other studies showed no conclusive link between male infertility and cell phone...