IL-12 plays a central role in both the induction and magnitude of a primary Th1 response. A critical question in designing vaccines for diseases requiring Th1 immunity such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leishmania major is the requirements to sustain memory/effector Th1 cells in vivo. This report examines the role of IL-12 and antigen in sustaining Th1 responses sufficient for protective im...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

A unique case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the left main bronchus is reported.

Foreign body aspiration in adults without any background risk factors is uncommon. We report a 64 year gentleman evaluated for persistent cough incidentally detected to have a foreign body (FB) in the left main bronchus (LMB), which after removal by rigid bronchoscopy turned out to be a tablet. This demonstrates the possible risk of silent aspiration of solid foreign bodies and in our case pres...

INTRODUCTION Tracheostomy is a common airway procedure for life support. The fracture of the tracheostomy tube is a rare complication. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy whose fractured stainless steel tracheostomy tube dislodged into the tracheobronchial tree. We include a literature review and proposed recommendations for tracheostomy care. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old Thai boy who ha...

We present here a case of bronchial obstruction secondary to late paradoxical reactive enlargement and erosion by mediastinal lymph nodes into the left main bronchus in a 26-year-old woman with tuberculosis lymphadenitis. Bronchial obstruction due to paradoxical reactions, especially in the late phase of treatment, has not been described in adults before.

Fig. 1. Computed (CT) tomography showed migration of the pin into the descending aorta with the result of hemothorax. The pin was extracted via left thoracotomy by pulling out from the part of needle which was out of the aorta, immediately after CT evaluation. Fig. 2. Computed tomography showed migration of the pin outside the left main bronchus into mediastinum 1 cm distal to the carina. The p...

A 15 year old girl who was labelled as having MacLeod's syndrome on the basis of a chest radiograph was subsequently, at the age of 23 years, found to have an adenoid cystic carcinoma obstructing the left main bronchus. This case emphasises the need to exclude a central lesion in cases of unilateral hyperlucent lung.

As a rare malformation with a wide variety of clinical modes of presentation, the bronchogenic cyst remains a diagnostic challenge. We report a case with a subcarinal bronchogenic cyst and stenosis of the left main bronchus presenting as "unilateral hyperlucent lung". Hypoplasia of the ipsilateral pulmonary vascular system persisted after surgical restitution of ventilation and is most likely d...

In 1947 Price Thomas performed a bronchotomy and removed a portion of the circumference of the wall of the right main bronchus for an adenoma, performing a plastic repair of the bronchus (Price Thomas, 1956). The patient had a straightforward convalescence, with good primary union of the bronchus, and has continued to make good use of both lungs ever since. The procedure has been repeated with ...