We discuss how inhomogeneities of the universe affect observations of the gravitational lensing; (1) the bending angle, (2) the lensing statistics and (3) the time delay. In order to take account of the inhomogeneities, the Dyer-Roeder distance is used, which includes a parameter representing the clumpiness of the matter along the line of sight. It is shown analytically that all three combinati...

Although considerable effort has gone into characterizing the laser forming process in terms of process parameters and conditions, there has been little emphasis on the effects of the mechanical and thermal constraints introduced by the clamping method utilized for a desired application. This research suggests means for investigating and predicting the resulting geometry of a specimen due to la...

Thirty patients with 49 snapping hips and patellar malalignment underwent surgical release of the iliotibial tract contracture over the trochanteric area. Minimal follow-up was 2 years (average 4.6 years, range: 2-9 years). Eight patients underwent computed tomography (CT) preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively to investigate the patellar location in the patellofemoral articulation with kne...

Materials and methods Forth three scoliosis patients (12 males, 31 females) were enrolled in this study. Mean age was 10.3 years (range 615). Mean Radiographic Cobb angle before treatment was 37.2°. All the patients were investigated before bracing with "Spinal Mouse" in convex side bending position. After three months of bracing we assessed the radiographic Cobb angle and defined a correlation...

This paper deals with the mathematical modelling of the contact angle of a metal strip supported by periodically assembled rolls, as it is often the case in strip processing plants. The derivation of the governing differential equation is carried out by means of the calculus of variations for moving boundaries. An ideal-elastic-idealplastic material law of a periodic bending cycle is introduced...

We discuss the circumstances under which the bending of a jet can generate an internal shock wave. The analysis is carried out for relativistic and non–relativistic astrophysical jets. The calculations are done by the method of characteristics for the case of steady simple waves. This generalises the non–relativistic treatment first used by Icke (1991). We show that it is possible to obtain an ...

We discuss observable form of the radiation emitted from a surface of a collapsing object using a simplified model in which a radiation of massless particles has a sharp in time profile and it happens at the surface at the same moment of comoving time. Its redshift and bending angle are affected by the strong gravitational field. We obtain a simple expression for the observed flux of the radiat...

Several factors must be considered when designing parts that are being made by bending. The primary factor is minimum radius and angle of bending that can be bent successfully without metal cracking. Low carbon steel metal (st37), manufactured by Libyan Iron and steel Company, was used in this study. Various bending processes by Vee die for different radii and calculate thickness were conducted...

this research is carried out to design and manufacturing of lathe vibration tool and their tests. firstly, one-dimensional vibration tool is designed and made of the bending vibration mode. one-dimensional vibration tool with half piezoelectric rings is considered to excite the bending mode of tool. structure of vibration tool is designed in abaqus software about 20 khz and then is made with re...

This research presents a new flexible bending machine and its practical applications. The proposed machine uses a new method. When tubes are fed into the fixed and mobile dies, they are bent by shifting the relative position of the mobile die. The bending radius is controlled by the relative distance and orientation between the mobile die and the tube. The bending angle is controlled by the len...