This study tested the idea that there are sets on neurons in the spinal cord responsible for generating elementary synergies (movement primitives) that could have implications for FES. Intraspinal, intramuscular, epineural and spinal root stimulation were compared in the anesthetized cat. Ventral root stimulation produced downward and backward movements of the leg while dorsal root stimulation ...

Responses of direction-selective (DS) ganglion cells (GCs) were recorded extracellularly from their axon terminals in the superficial layer of the tectum opticum (TO) of immobilized goldfish, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Directional tuning curves were measured with contrast edges moving in 12 or more different directions across the receptive field (RF). All directional tuning curves had c...

Drinfeld in 1974, in his seminal paper [10], revolutionized the contribution to arithmetic of the area of global function fields. He introduced a function field analog of elliptic curves over number fields. These analogs are now called Drinfeld modules. For him and for many subsequent developments in the theory of automorphic forms over function fields, their main use was in the exploration of ...

This paper aims at studying the characterization of Diracstructure edges with a novel wavelet transform, and selecting the suitable wavelet functions to detect them. Three significant characteristics of the local maximum modulus of the wavelet transform with respect to the Dirac-structure edges are presented. By utilizing a novel continuous wavelet, it is proven that the local maxima modulus of...

Focal excess sensory stimulation evokes reorganization of a sensory system. It is usually an expansion of the neural representation of that stimulus resulting from the shifts of the tuning curves (receptive fields) of neurons toward those of the stimulated neurons. The auditory cortex of the mustached bat has an area that is highly specialized for the processing of target-distance information c...

We discuss plane wave backgrounds of string theory and their relation to Gödel–like universes. This involves a twisted compactification along the direction of propagation of the wave, which induces closed timelike curves. We show, however, that no such curves are geodesic. The particle geodesics and the preferred holographic screens we find are qualitatively different from those in the Gödel–li...

We test the perception of 3D surfaces that have been rendered by a set of lines drawn on the surface. Each surface is rendered as a family of curves which are in the simplest case the intersections with a family of parallel planes. On each trial, a surface or its “distorted” version is shown in this way, in an arbitrary orientation on an LCD screen or in a volumetric 3D display. The distortion ...

We present a formal framework for the description of ordering information on directed linear structures like trajectories of moving objects. The foundation of this approach is an axiomatic characterization of oriented curves. They provide a generalized notion of direction. The proposed geometric framework allows a qualitative characterization of oriented curves without commitment to concepts of...

Cells in the dorsal medial superior temporal cortex (MSTd) process optic flow generated by self-motion during visually guided navigation. A neural model shows how interactions between well-known neural mechanisms (log polar cortical magnification, Gaussian motion-sensitive receptive fields, spatial pooling of motion-sensitive signals and subtractive extraretinal eye movement signals) lead to em...