BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a distinct disease entity of chronic pancreatitis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a key negative regulator of the T-cell immune response, and its gene is highly polymorphic. Many positive associations between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) single-nucleotide polymorphisms and various autoimmune diseases hav...

The expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) molecule in human normal and neoplastic hematopoietic cells, both on the cell membrane and in the intracellular compartment, was evaluated. Flow cytometric analysis carried out with a panel of anti-CTLA-4 human single-chain fragment of variable domain (scFv) antibodies revealed that CTLA-4 was not expressed on the surface, whereas it w...

The etiology of most human autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. However, investigators have identified several negative regulatory mechanisms acting at the level of innate and/or adaptive immunity. Mutations resulting in a deficiency of some key regulatory molecules are associated with systemic or organ-specific inflammatory disorders, which often have a prominent autoimmune component. ...

Preventive anti-HPV vaccines are effective against HPV infection but not against existing HPV-associated diseases, including cervical cancer and other malignant diseases. Therefore, the development of therapeutic vaccines is urgently needed. To improve anti-tumor effects of therapeutic vaccine, we fused cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) with HPV16 E7 and E6 as a fusion therapeutic DNA v...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4, also known as CD152) has been shown to play a major role in the regulation of T cell activation. Its membrane expression is highly regulated by endocytosis and trafficking through the secretory lysosome pathway. Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, LYST. It re...

Immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies that enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer are becoming important components of treatment for patients with a variety of malignancies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) was the first immune checkpoint to be clinically targeted, and ipilimumab, an inhibitor of CTLA-4, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA...

PURPOSE Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA-4) blockade is being explored in numerous clinical trials as an immune-based therapy for different malignancies. Our group conducted the first preoperative clinical trial with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab in 12 patients with localized urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Six patients were treated with 3 mg/kg/d...

Metastatic melanoma runs a predictable detrimental course in the vast majority of patients. New modalities of immunotherapy, such as melanoma antigen-specific therapeutic vaccination and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptor blockade by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), have been associated with atypical kinetics of tumor response that differ from those observed during cytotoxic treatm...

Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses defined by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity to cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen (CneF) can be either protective or nonprotective against an infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. The protective and nonprotective anticryptococcal DTH responses are induced by different immunogens and have differing activated-T-cell profiles. This study exam...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: DC: Dendritic Cell; MHC: Major Histocompatibility Complex; TCR: T cell Receptor; LNs: Lymph Nodes; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; DC-SIGN: Dendritic Cell-specific Intracellular adhesion molecule 3 Grabbing Non-integrin; PGE2: Prostaglandins; GM-CSF: Granulate Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor