In this study, laboratory experiments have addressed the acute toxicity of two common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), in a range freshwater organisms (including rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, insects Chironomus riparius (larvae), crustaceans Daphnia pulex Thamnocephalus platyurus, cnidarians Hydra vulgaris, molluscs Lymnaea stagnalis (embryos) Protozoa Tetrahymena the...

Electromyographic recordings from the buccal muscles of Lymnaea during feeding has shown that there are 4 component phases in the feeding cycle. Cinephotography of feeding cycles has confirmed that these correspond to protraction, 2 phases of retraction, and an inactive phase. The 4 phases of muscle activity can also be related to the cycle of neural activity described previously (Benjamin & Ro...

The morphology, electrophysiology, and synaptic inputs of a ventrally located neuronal network from the CNS of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated. Three large, previously identified neurons [55] known as right parietal ventral one, two, and three (RPV1,2,&3) were found to be electrically coupled to one another. Coupling between either RPV1&2 or RPV1&3 was weak while coupling betw...