In this study, we investigate a cost-effective approach for protecting several multicast sessions from any link failure in an optical network. The approach, referred to as cross-sharing, provides an optimal sharing of backup resources among several multicast sessions. Our cross-sharing approach employs the link-vector model, modified for multicast sessions, and provides significant cost savings...

Developing a polynomial time algorithm for the minimum cost flow problem has been a long standing open problem. In this paper, we develop one such algorithm that runs in O(min(n 2m log nC, n2m 2 log n)) time, where n is the number of nodes in the network, m is the number of arcs, and C denotes the maximum absolute arc costs if arc costs are integer and 0 otherwise. We first introduce a pseudopo...

BACKGROUND Trypanosoma brucei (T b) gambiense is targeted to reach elimination as a public health problem by 2020 and full elimination by 2030. To achieve these goals, stakeholders need to consider strategies to accelerate elimination. Hence, we aimed to model several options related to current and emerging methods for case detection, treatment, and vector control across settings to assess cost...

By increasing, the complexity of chips and the need to integrating more components into a chip has made network –on- chip known as an important infrastructure for network communications on the system, and is a good alternative to traditional ways and using the bus. By increasing the density of chips, the possibility of failure in the chip network increases and providing correction and fault tol...

Faults in computer networks may result in millions of dollars in cost. Faults in a network need to be localized and repaired to keep the health of the network. Fault management systems are used to keep today’s complex networks running without significant cost, either by using active techniques or passive techniques. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on imperialist competitive alg...

adsorption is a fundamental process in the physicochemical treatment of wastewaters which industries employ to reduce hazardous organic and inorganic wastes in effluents. in recent years the use of low-cost adsorbents has been widely investigated as a replacement for the currently costly methods of removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. it is well-known that cellulosic waste materials can b...

the use of orange peel as low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbents has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. this paper concerns with the removal of blue 56 from aqueous solutions by orange peel. the effects of ph , initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and particle size of adsorbent, temperature and also isotherm data analys...

Background: Millions of deaths occur around the world each year due to lack of access to appropriate treatment for chronic kidney disease patients. Given the importance and mortality rate of this disease, early and low-cost prediction is very important. The researchers intend to identify chronic kidney disease through the optimal combination of techniques used in different stages of data mining...

Information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of Caspian forests. Skidding and road construction costs are expensive forest operations. Determining the optimum forest road network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. Logging me...