CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) peptide functions as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone and is found both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. CART peptide in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in the regulation of cocaine-dopamine-mediated locomotion and self-administration, and amphetamine-mediated locomotion and behavior. However, ther...

We analyse the geometry of locomotion of 3-link mechanism inspired from the Purcell’s swimmer at low Reynolds number, the simplest possible swimmer conceptualized in [1]. The literature has extensively analyzed the problem of plananr locomotion of the Purcell’s swimmer [2], [3], [4], [5]. [6] analyzes its locomotion problem in geometric framework, again for the planar case. The condition of bei...

A bipedal locomotion system is synthesized to characterize some of the previously overlooked aspects of the locomotion process, specifically standing/balance and initiation and stopping. The locomotion system is described by a three-element three-dimensional model consisting of two lower limbs and an upper body. The system equations of motion are derived using variational methods, and are retai...

This paper presents the design and development of a miniature integrated jumping running robot that can adjust its route trajectory has passive self-righting. The mechanism was developed by using novel strategy combines hard-bodied animal (springtail) soft-bodied (gall midge larvae) locomotion. It could reach height about 1.5 m under load 98.6 g 1.2 156.8 g. To enhance flexibility robot, clutch...

In acute experiments performed in decerebrated and spinalized (T13) cats, an intraspinal injection of clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist, restricted to mid-lumbar segments L3-L4, can induce hindlimb locomotion, whereas yohimbine, a noradrenergic antagonist, can block spinal locomotion, and a second spinal lesion at L4 can abolish all locomotor activity. In the present study, we investigated whe...

One of the great ongoing debates in palaeo-anthropology is when, and how, hominids acquired habitual bipedal locomotion. The newly adopted bipedal gait and the ancestral quadrupedal gait are most often considered as very distinct, with each habitual locomotor mode showing corresponding anatomical adaptations. Bonobos (Pan paniscus), along with common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes), are the closes...

In this study we focus on bio-inspired legged locomotion concepts. A primary goal of comparative biomechanics is to understand the fundamental physics of locomotion within an evolutionary context. Such an understanding of legged locmotion results in a transition from copying nature to borrowing strategies for interacting with the physical world in design and control of bio-inspired legged robot...

PURPOSE To observe various modes of lower limb locomotion, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) was used. Digital signals were used to identify signal characteristics that help to distinguish among locomotion modes and intensity levels. METHODS A wireless IMU was installed on the outside of shoes and three forms of locomotion (walking, running, and jumping) were assessed at two intensity levels...

Snake robots are mostly designed based on single mode locomotion. However, single mode gait most likely could not work effectively when the robot is subject to an unstructured working environment with different measures of terrain complexity. As a solution, mixed mode locomotion is proposed in this paper by synchronizing two types of gaits known as serpentine and wriggler gaits used for non-con...

Snake-like robots have been widely studied due to their special 3D locomotion ability and the adaptability in diverse complex environments. Autonomous locomotion, that is, acquiring environment information, making locomotion decisions independently and then performing locomotion, is of the essence for snake-like robots to complete self-governed tasks in various complex terrain. The traditional ...