Numerous government and non-government programs and approaches have been used to promote rural development and poverty alleviation. Among these have been initiatives designed to build rural infrastructure, mobilize communities, enhance access to rural finance, and provide a social safety net. This chapter provides an overview of the major programs in Pakistan and underscores the importance of s...

This paper explores how professionals’ universal, reductionist and standardized views of poverty differ from those of the poor themselves. Poverty line thinking concerned with income-poverty and employment thinking concerned with jobs, project Northern concerns on the South, where the realities of the poor are local, diverse, often complex and dynamic. Examples illustrate how poor people’s crit...

Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least equivalent benefits. ALPs are widely implemented in conservation, but in 2012, an International Union for Conservation of Nature resolution called for ...

Native American artists face special challenges in making a living from their work. This paper explores Native artists training, mentoring, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to resources and markets based on interviews with dozens of Ojibwe artists and gatekeepers (managers of space and resources). In addition to the challenges of racism and geographic isolation (even in cities), Native art...