HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for both vaccine-preventable diseases and their complications, with mortality rates higher than in non-HIV-infected individuals. Consequently, international guidelines generally recommend inactivated vaccines in HIV-patients, even if HIV-related immunodeficiency may impair efficacy; live vaccines are usually not recommended in these patients because o...

OBJECTIVE To review the evidence and provide recommendations on immunization in pregnancy. OUTCOMES Outcomes evaluated include effectiveness of immunization, risks and benefits for mother and fetus. EVIDENCE The Medline and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published up to June 2008 on the topic of immunization in pregnancy. VALUES The evidence obtained was reviewed and evalua...

Aromatic compound-dependent (aro) derivatives of three mouse-virulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis (Salmonella cholerae-suis) were constructed and shown to be nonvirulent for mice (intraperitoneal [i.p.] 50% lethal dose [LD50], greater than 5 X 10(6) CFU). A pur derivative, and a thy derivative, each of a different virulent parent, remained moderately virulent (i.p. LD50S for BALB/c mice,...

Live attenuated malaria vaccines are more potent than the recombinant protein, bacterial or viral platform vaccines that have been tested, and an attenuated sporozoite vaccine against falciparum malaria is being developed for humans. In mice, attenuated malaria sporozoite vaccines induce CD8(+) T cells that kill parasites developing in the liver. We were curious to know if CD8(+) T cells were a...

1. In general, HIV-1 infected individuals should not receive any live viral or bacterial vaccines (eg. Measles/Mumps/Rubella, monovalent Rubella, BCG, yellow fever, oral Typhoid Ty21a, varicella-zoster, oral Polio, vaccinia). There have been instances of lethal infections with live vaccinia vaccines following vaccination of HIV-infected persons.(3) This principle however applies particularly to...

BACKGROUND The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strain used in the live attenuated influenza vaccine was changed for the 2015-2016 influenza season because of its lack of effectiveness in young children in 2013-2014. The Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network evaluated the effect of this change as part of its estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2015-2016. METHODS We enrolled patients 6 months ...

Although rabies incidence has fallen sharply over the past decades in Europe, the disease is still present in Eastern Europe. Oral rabies immunization of wild animal rabies has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. All rabies vaccines used in Europe are modified live virus vaccines based on the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain isolated from a ...

Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) such as RA, IBD or psoriasis, are at increased risk of infection, partially because of the disease itself, but mostly because of treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. In spite of their elevated risk for vaccine-preventable disease, vaccination coverage in IMID patients is surprisingly low. This review summarizes cu...