Maritime transport relies on a large amounts of fossil fuels. It provides cargo-carrying services but simultaneously emits enormous by-products such as CO2, which cause climate change. The IMO has adopted mandatory measures to reduce the shipping industry’s greenhouse gas emissions by at least 70% 2050, relative 2008. In this paper, we select 11 liner companies decision-making units (DMUs) that...

Research background: Our research is framed by the new institutional theory reflected in: property rights [1] and transfer of ownership goods transaction costs that might be associated with economic exchange theory. Overall, we need to consider occurrence deglobalization COVID-19 crisis, which recently not just decelerated growth world economy, but even put it a halt; one conclude (de)globaliza...

In container terminals, one of the most important factors driving the logistic efficiency in the yard is stowage planning for containers designated to be exported. The stowage plan and operations have to meet the requirement of the liner shipping company of ship stability on the one hand, and to ensure the smooth and orderly process of handling containers, deployment and movement of the yard cr...

Seaborne shipping is the dominant mode of transport in international trade agricultural products, and an increasing part seaborne carried containers. Furthermore, majority world containers are moved through liner services, that is, regular services provided by global companies which comprise a dense network connecting ports countries around world. Using theoretically consistent gravity equation...