Detecting accurately when a person whose face is visible in an audio-visual medium is the audible speaker is an enabling technology with a number of useful applications. These include fused audio/visual speaker recognition, AV (audio/visual) segmentation and diarization as well as AV synchronization. The likelihood-ratio test formulation and feature signal processing employed here allow the use...

?Many phylogenetic analyses are inspired by or depend upon the monophyly of a group specified a priori. Also, many evolutionary problems for which phylogenies are useful do not require every detail of the phylogeny to be estimated correctly but depend upon the monophyly (or lack thereof) of a particular group. We propose a likelihood-ratio test that compares whether the best trees estimated wit...

In stat ist ics, a likelihood rat io test is a stat ist ical test used to compare the f it of two models, one of which (the null model) is a special case of the other (the alternative model). The test is based on the likelihood rat io, which expresses how many t imes more likely the data are under one model than the other. This likelihood rat io, or equivalent ly its logarithm, can then be used...

Parsimony and Bayesian methods have been developed for detecting positively selected amino acid sites. It has been reported that the parsimony method is generally conservative. In contrast, the Bayesian method is known to identify more positively selected sites than the parsimony method, especially when the number of sequences analyzed is small, although the interpretation of results obtained f...

In this article, we propose a determinant ratio test (DRT) statistic to measure the similarity of two covariance matrices for unsupervised change detection in polarimetric radar images. The multilook complex matrix is assumed follow scaled Wishart distribution. doing so, provide distribution DRT that exactly Wilks’s lambda second kind distribution, with density expressed terms Meijer G-function...

It is shown that the likelihood ratio test for heteroscedasticity, assuming the Laplace distribution, gives good results for Gaussian and fat-tailed data. The likelihood ratio test, assuming normality, is very sensitive to any deviation from normality, especially when the observations are from a distribution with fat tails. Such a likelihood test can also be used as a robust test for a constant...

Abstract Background Linear mixed models (LMM) are a common approach to analyzing data from cluster randomized trials (CRTs). Inference on parameters can be performed via Wald tests or likelihood ratio (LRT), but both approaches may give incorrect Type I error rates in finite sample settings. The impact of different combinations size, number clusters, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), an...

Correlated time-to-event data are commonly encounted in biomedical research, often as recurrent e v ent data or clustered data. To accommodate the correlation among survival times within the proportional hazards model framework, frailty m o d e l s h a ve beendeveloped. Clustered and recurrent event data may require two frailties, leading to a need for appropriate tests for frailty model select...

In group average analyses, we generalize the classical one-sample t test to account for heterogeneous within-subject uncertainties associated with the estimated effects. Our test statistic is defined as the maximum likelihood ratio corresponding to a Gaussian mixed-effect model. The test's significance level is calibrated using the same sign permutation framework as in Holmes et al., allowing f...

Background Albumin-to-Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio (ALB/ALP ratio, AAPR), a newly developed index of liver function, has been rarely discussed about its prognostic value in malignancies. The current study attempted to evaluate the prognostic prediction of AAPR in advanced HCC. Methods 237 advanced HCC patients who refused any standard anti-cancer therapies were retrospectively analyzed. The thres...