Law is seen to have several qualities, including conflict, conflict-freeness, clarity, directness, and absence of ambiguity. Such a measure also anticipated receive legislative approval. However, the legislation must be construed without aforementioned qualities. The courts, Parliament, Guardian Council are, respectively, competent authorities for interpretation in settling litigation, ordinary...

Referential qualities are qualities of an entity taken with reference to another entity. For example the vulnerability of a coast to sea level rise. In contrast to most non-relational qualities which only depend on their host, referential qualities require a referent additional to their host, i.e. a quality Q of an entity X taken with reference to another entity R. These qualities occur frequen...

The effects of light illumination on the ascorbic acid content and growth of soybean sprouts were investigated. Among the six light qualities studied, ultraviolet light had the highest promoting effect on the ascorbic acid content in soybean sprouts, increasing it by 77.0% compared with the darkness control, while red light had the highest promoting effect on the growth of soybean sprouts, incr...

due to the change of lifestyle and improvement of public health the number of aged people has considerably increased. considering the relationship of the environment and people, the built environment features could exacerbate or facilitate the elderly people’s vulnerability and social needs. recently, a large number of studies have put emphasis on the relationship between the neighborhoods’ ope...

Medieval times were neither dark nor grey; natural light illuminated colourful scenes depicted in paintings through coloured windows and via artificial beeswax candlelight. When we enter, for example, a church to inspect its historic treasures ranging from mosaics to depictions of saints, we do this under quite unfavourable conditions; particularly as we mainly depend on artificial halogen, LED...

Realistic fire and the flicker effect is a complicated process to simulate in realtime and little work has been done to simulate this complicated illumination effect in realtime. Fire is not a directionally uniform source of light but varies in intensity not only with time but also with direction. Most realtime applications use a standard point light source model for local illumination effects ...

The effects of plant competition for light on the emission of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were studied by investigating how different light qualities that occur in dense vegetation affect the emission of constitutive and methyl-jasmonate-induced VOCs. Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col-0) plants and Pieris brassicae caterpillars were used as a biological system to study the effects ...

ebn al-hanbal in his books including al-mosnad and fazael al-sahabeh and his traditional contents in history and chronology has paid a dignifying, supporting and respectful look at the household of the prophet. although he has been amongst prime movers of traditionalism and salafism, he played a significant role in shattering anti-ali atmosphere of ottoman and that of marvan.  his role and effo...

The viability and performance of using a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) in atmospheric lidar applications is experimentally compared against the well-established use of photomultiplier tubes. By using a modified lidar setup for simultaneous data acquisition of both types of sensors, we demonstrate that a SiPM can offer appropriate qualities for this specific application where the detection of f...