Employee empowerment is an essential managerial means that can be used to obtain competitive advantages from human resources in the new millennium. A comprehensive understanding of the essence of empowerment is crucial to facilitate its effective implementation. In this article, the author proposes a 4-dimensional empowerment model in an organizational setting and a matrix that incorporates the...

This paper reviews China’s continuing efforts to enact a competition policy (antitrust) law. We focus on three issues: (1) What is the substance of the proposed law, and how does it differ from existing antitrust law in other countries, (2) How will the law be implemented or enforced, and how will those who must implement this law interpret their mandate, and (3) What will be the likely effects...

We live in a culture of contest and protest. Our economic, political, and legal institutions are structured as contests. Our efforts to reform these institutions frequently are characterized by protest. This article examines the social and ecological implications of this culture of contest and protest. It begins by demonstrating that our economic, political, and legal institutions form an integ...

among the most important issues in the software industry is the interoperability of computer programs that encompasses a numerous legal and economic results. advocating interoperable creation leads to software development, whereas a sheer and full support shall contravene the rights of the original program authors. therefore, on the other hand, different legal systems in order to protect the ri...

Information and Communication Technology is a compendium of interrelated applications, products and services that can either deepen or alter gender equality. It has successfully transformed education, businesses, healthcare, entertainment, politics and good governance within the Global North; providing equitable access to developmental framework driven by ICTs. However, in drafting the core dev...

Software piracy or ‘softlifting’, the unauthorized use or illegal copying of computer software seems to be a persistent and truly global phenomenon, in spite of international efforts to reduce it. Could the battle against it be won by just merely accepting international standards for the protection of intellectual property rights? The answer to this question is the main focus of this research. ...

investment and transfer of technology has no boarders. globalization is a process which affected all economic, social and legal aspects.a destiny which needs adequate decision. in this regard, economic globalization was more important than the other subjects. studying this process and its mechanism is the firs step to making vital decisions. free commercial transaction and international transfe...

This paper studies and measures the output of sustainable (eco) innovation in the OECD area. Results are based on patent records and their use as indicators of innovation output. Two points have to be noted: First, It is of particular importance, when examining the innovation output of a broad area, which comprises of many and different countries, to identify main trends, highlight major innova...