A new model of a multi-level combinational Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) circuit with no feedback and no learning is introduced. This model includes Neuron-Like Gates (NLGs), each represents a level of the MVL circuit, so that the number of NLGs in the corresponding Neural-Like Network (NLN) is equal to the number of levels in the circuit. The formal description of an NLG is a Linear Arithmetic E...

Long-distance seed dispersal (LDD) is considered a crucial determinant of tree distributions, but its effects depend on demographic processes that enable seeds to establish into adults and that remain poorly understood at large spatial scales. We estimated rates of seed arrival, germination, and survival and growth for a canopy tree species (Miliusa horsfieldii), in a landscape ranging from eve...

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementar...

Markov Decision Problems, MDPs offer an effective mechanism for planning under uncertainty. However, due to unavoidable uncertainty over models, it is difficult to obtain an exact specification of an MDP. We are interested in solving MDPs, where transition and reward functions are not exactly specified. Existing research has primarily focussed on computing infinite horizon stationary policies w...

In the biosynthesis of polyketides, ketoreductases (KRs) are an important group of enzymes that determine the chiralities of the carbon backbones. SiaM is a special member of this group that can recognize substrates with different lengths and can be used iteratively. Here we report the crystal structure of SiaM. Structural analysis indicates that the overall structure resembles those of other K...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was a period of massive range contraction. Post-LGM, water-dispersed coastal species, including the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), expanded poleward as propagules were transported by ocean currents. We assessed postglacial marine expansion pathways for R. mangle within the Caribbean Basin and Florida. METHODS Six microsatellite loci were ...

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to explore the univariate and multivariate differences in behavioural problems among children with disorders in expressive or mixed receptive-expressive language development and children with unimpaired language development. METHOD Ninety-four children with language development disorders (LDD) between the ages of 4 and 6 years and 94 children (matched ...