We studied the safety of a trivalent inactivated surface antigen (split virion, inactivated) influenza vaccine, Begrivac® (Novartis Company), widely used in health care workers in Kurdistan. A longitudinal follow-up study was performed in Sanandaj city, west of Iran, recruiting 936 people. A questionnaire was completed for each participant, and all symptoms or abnormal physical findings were re...

BACKGROUND Evidence shows ethnic-inequality is a very effective variable in the Community and individual health associated outcomes. This study focused on gaining a deeper understanding of people's perception on inequality of health in Iranian-Kurds and its determinants. METHODS The study was conducted in the three cities of Marivan, Sanandaj (capital of Kurdistan province in Iran) and Tehran...

Landfill siting should take into account a wide range of territorial and legal factors in order to reduce negative impacts on the environment. The suitability of selected site for disposal center affects the amount of generated energy and the cost of disposal generation. Suitable sites should be determined on the basis of technical, economical and socio-environmental issues. GIS along with appr...

Abstract Background Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, 2016 Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged domestic geese Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed genetic characteristics Iraqi viruses. Results An HPAI subtype was identified from backyard Kurdistan Region, north Phylog...

Aim:This study was aimed to explore and describe the Kurdish women's perception of cervical cancer screening. Methods: A qualitative design based on a conventional content analysis approach. Purposive sampling was applied to 19 women chosen, who had a Pap smear or refused to have one. The study was performed in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Semi-structure din-depth individual interviews were carr...

Nosema disease is one of the most important diseases of adult honey bees worldwide. It is known as silent killer because there are no characteristic symptoms. The aim of the present study was to determine prevalence of Nosema species in various towns of Kurdistan province in Iran. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-PCR) was performed for identification of Nosema ...

The left-wing Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) began its violent insurgency campaign against the Turkish state in 1984, claiming that an independent Kurdistan should exist. However, the origins of this conflict can be traced back even further – to the inception of the Turkish Republic in 1923. This thesis begins by investigating the history of how the conflict between the Kurdish and Turkish poli...