The accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETref) is a crucial component for modeling hydrological and ecological cycles. goal this study was the calibration 32 empirical equations used to determine ETref in three classes temperature-based, solar radiation–based, mass transfer–based evapotranspiration. based on measurements taken between years 1990 2019 at 41 synoptic stations loc...

A carrier offset correction scheme based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) method for the downlink of an Orthogonal Variable bit rate Multicarrier-CDMA (MCCDMA) scheme in a fast frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel is proposed and discussed. The proposed methodology assumes perfect knowledge of phase offset, whereas an Equal Gain Combining (EGC) scheme is considered for MC-CDMA detection. Resul...

New methods for maximum-likelihood sequence estimation based on the Viterbi algorithm (VA) are presented. In the proposed scheme, the channel estimator and the Viterbi processor operate concurrently. At any given time-step, the sequence provided to the channel estimator comes from the survivor with the best metric value. These already known modifications of the traditional decision-directed VA ...

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; wavelength 400 ~ 700 nm) is the spectral range of solar used by plants for photosynthesis. PAR data are in various fields research, such as that focusing on surface vegetation growth, light energy–chemical energy conversion process, and terrestrial carbon cycle. In this study, we analyze variability between Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) according t...

This article aims to provide a technique for identifying and categorizing interturn insulation problems in variable-speed motor drives by combining Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The goal of the proposed is detect classify Asynchronous Motor faults at their early stages, under both normal abnormal operating conditions. uses recurrent neural network two phases...

SUMMARY Fisher's method of maximum likelihood breaks down when applied to the problem of estimating the five parameters of a mixture of two normal densities from a continuous random sample of size n. The two alternatives considered here are moment estimates on the one hand, and multinomial maximum likelihood and minimum x 2 estimates obtained by grouping the underlying variable on the other. Th...