mandibular premolars have earned a reputation for having aberrant anatomy. the occurrence of three canals with three separate foramina in mandibular premolars is very rare. if predictable treatment of a three rooted mandibular premolar is planned, precise knowledge of clinical and radiographic anatomy is absolutely necessary. these teeth may also require special shaping and obturating technique...

At Southampton, gross anatomy is allocated 165 hours as part of a 254-hour course which includes microscopic and developmental anatomy and geriatrics. The 130 students work from prosected material, supplemented by written material and illustrations. They do not dissect for themselves. Since the introduction of the new course there has been no indication of any deterioration in the examination p...

today, with emphasis on the mechanical heart and heart transplantation from one human to another andone species to another, a knowledge of the anatomy of the bird’s heart could contribute to theseaccomplishments. eight male adult ostriches were used to study the heart macroscopically. this studyrevealed that the ostrich heart has some different features from the other birds. in the ostrich, fib...

It will be recalled that of the nine Muses, daughters of Jupiter, Clio was the Goddess of History, and it is to her that the editor of a new group of booklets dealing with the growth of medicine has appealed for protection. The "Clio Medica" series proposes to describe various aspects of the history of medicine in a brief space and form and at a price ($I.50) which will appeal both to students ...

introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of distal roots and canals in mandibular first molars and their internal anatomy radiographically within iranian population. materials and methods: a total of 310 distal roots of mandibular first molars were incorporated in this study and evaluated in terms of number of roots and number and types of canals. root canal systems we...