with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...

iv abstract this study examined the linguistic behaviors of two iranian efl teachers each of them teaching learners of two similar proficiency levels, a beginner level and an intermediate level, to investigate the relationship between the learners proficiency levels and the amounts and purposes for l1 use by the two teachers. the study was carried out to investigate whether there were differe...

learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

Viewpoints related to busines cycles fluctutions and their use in economic anticipation process have drawn the attention of various intellectual spectrum and economic schools. This has, in turn, caused the formation of a modern scientific area known as future study. According to the major aims of this field of this field of knowledge, business cycles future changes and the variables affecting t...

postcolonial feminism, also dubbed as third world feminism, is an innovative approach, demonstrating the way women of colonized countries suffer from both native patriarchies and imperial ideology. also due to this double-colonization, postcolonial feminists contend that third world women are subjected to both colonial domination of empire and male domination of patriarchy. while western femini...

The Almighty God, in the verse "Kunu ma`a al-Sadiqin," has absolutely called the believers to accompany with those called "sadiqin". The main question of the study follows as: is the word sadiqin in this verse general or particular? is general or specific? Given the latter, who may be taken as its extension that God has commanded believers to obey them absolutely? Shiite commentators, relying o...