We examine why commercialization of interdisciplinary research, especially from distant scientific domains, is different from commercialization of inventions from specialized or proximate domains. We argue that anticipated coordination costs arising from the need to transfer technology to licensee firms and from the need for an inventor team’s members to work together to further develop a techn...

This article demonstrates the roles of corporate strategy, organizational management, and national institutions in the process of technology transfer and commercialization in the pharmaceutical industry. A Japanese case study about the development of a cephalosporin antibiotic by Takeda Chemical Industries reveals that several factors have to work together to ensure success in technology transf...

Kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e F Fi il lt te er r a an nd d E Ec co on no om mi ic c G Gr ro ow wt th h: : T Th he e R Ro ol le e o of f S Sc ci ie en nt ti is st t E En nt tr re ep pr re en ne eu ur rs sh hi ip p 2 Executive Summary Executive Summary This study examines the prevalence and determinants of the commercialization of research by the top twenty percent of university scientists funded by ...

With the increasing availability of large-scale structured knowledge bases and natural language processing (NLP) techniques aided by advanced information retrieval (IR) techniques, question answering (QA) systems have entered into a commercialization era. However, the types of questions that can be answered are somewhat limited to encyclopedic knowledge that are often either well structured lik...

this paper argues that commercial forces have steadily encroached into our understanding of medicine and health in modern industrial societies. the impact on the delivery of personal medical services and on common ideas about food and nutrition is profound and largely deleterious to public health. a key component of commercialization is reductionism of medical services, health products and nutr...

The emergence of the Internet as a commercial tool galvanized a gale of Schumpeterian investment and economic restructuring. In 2002 amidst the wreckage of that investment hurricane it should be interesting to reflect upon what was permanent and what appears to have been more fleeting. This paper uses the national system of innovation (NIS) framework to examine the context within which the Inte...