We study two-player take-away games whose outcomes emulate two-state one-dimensional cellular automata, such as Wolfram’s rules 60 and 110. Given an initial string consisting of a central data pattern and periodic left and right patterns, the rule 110 cellular automaton was recently proved Turing-complete by Matthew Cook. Hence, many questions regarding its behavior are algorithmically undecida...

Ratiometric Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Thermometry is applied for temperature measurements in a ‘T’ junction, using microscale visualization methods. Rhodamine B (RhB) and Rhodamine 110 (Rh110) are used as the temperature-dependent and temperature-independent dye, respectively. The temperature responses of the two dyes were carefully measured for different concentrations. A novel normaliz...

Elementary cellular automata (ECA) rule 9 and rule 74, members of Wolfram’s class II, could generate a host of gliders and complicated glider collisions by introducing the hybrid mechanism, which are much richer than those generated by ECA rule 110. A systematic analysis is carried out to show the simulation results.

For a matrix A = [aij ] m,n i,j=1 ∈ Fm×n, the transpose of A is the matrix A> = [aji] n,m j,i=1 ∈ Fn×m. A square matrix A ∈ Rn×n is called symmetric if aji = aij for all i, j ∈ {1, . . . , n} and is called skew-symmetric or anti-symmetric if aji = −aij for all i, j ∈ {1, . . . , n}. A basis will be denoted B = {u1,u2, . . . ,un} when the ordering of the basis vectors is not important and B = [u...

NATURE | VOL 411 | 3 MAY 2001 | www.nature.com 107 21. Blasina, A. et al. A human homologue of the checkpoint kinase Cds1 directly inhibits Cdc25 phosphatase. Curr. Biol. 9, 1±10 (1999). 22. Liu, F., Rothblum-Oviatt, C., Ryan, C. E. & Piwnica-Worms, H. Overproduction of human Myt1 kinase induces a G2 cell cycle delay by interfering with the intracellular traf®cking of Cdc2-cyclin B1 complexes. ...

Studies in microsomal and reconstituted systems have shown that the presence of one cytochrome P450 isoform can significantly influence the catalytic activity of another isoform. In this study, we assessed whether CYP2E1 could influence the catalytic activity of CYP2B4 under steady-state turnover conditions. The results show that CYP2E1 inhibits CYP2B4-mediatedmetabolism of benzphetamine (BNZ) ...

Several studies have shown that renal failure decreases CYP3A activity and that uremic toxins may play a role via transcriptional or translational modifications of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and direct inhibition of P450-mediated metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between CYP3A activity (using plasma concentration of 4b-hydroxycholesterol as a biomarker) and clinical c...