The upper mantle is widely considered to be heterogeneous, possibly comprising a “marble-cake” mixture of heterogeneous domains in a relatively well-mixed matrix. The extent to which such domains are capable of producing and expelling melts with characteristic geochemical signatures upon partial melting, rather than equilibrating diffusively with surrounding peridotite, is a critical question f...

The mobility of self-assembled monolayer field-effect transistors (SAMFETs) traditionally decreases dramatically with increasing channel length. Recently, however, SAMFETs using liquid-crystalline molecules have been shown to have bulk-like mobilities that are virtually independent of channel length. Here, we reconcile these scaling relations by showing that the mobility in liquid crystalline S...

The transition from the industrial age and the growing impact of the global economy on human life which has led to rapid expansion of western urban design culture in countries like Iran, are among the reasons why nowadays there is only a memory left in our minds of our traditional cities. "Urban identity" is one of the most important and most controversial issues among urban designers and other...

Generic programming plays an essential role in C++ software through the use of templates. However, both the creation and use of template libraries is hindered by the fact that the language does not allow programmers to specify constraints on generic types. To date, no proposal to update the language to provide concepts has survived the committee process. Until that time comes, as a form of earl...

Bacterial transformation can insert or delete genomic islands (GIs), depending on the donor and recipient genotypes, if an homologous recombination spans the GI's integration site and includes sufficiently long flanking homologous arms. Combining mathematical models of recombination with experiments using pneumococci found GI insertion rates declined geometrically with the GI's size. The decrea...

Freshwater invertebrates are able to develop specific ecological adaptations that enable them to successfully inhabit an extreme environment. We investigated the brooding bivalve of Pisidium casertanum in Talatinskoe Lake, Vaigach Island, Arctic Russia. Here, quantitative surveys were conducted, with the collection and dissections of 765 molluscs, on the basis of which analyses on the brood sac...

Freshwater invertebrates are able to develop specific ecological adaptations that enable them to successfully inhabit an extreme environment. We investigated the brooding bivalve of Pisidium casertanum in Talatinskoe Lake, Vaigach Island, Arctic Russia. Here, quantitative surveys were conducted, with the collection and dissections of 765 molluscs, on the basis of which analyses on the brood sac...