Forced convective condensation in vertical channel is investigated numerically. The condensation boundary layers that occur due to temperature difference between the walls and saturation temperature of steam is simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The effect of variations in the hydraulic diameter, steam velocity, Re number and temperature difference between the wall and saturation te...

The competition of ion and water fluxes across gramicidin channels was assessed from the concentration distributions of both pore-impermeable and -permeable cations that were simultaneously measured by double-barreled microelectrodes in the immediate vicinity of a planar bilayer. Because water movement across the membrane led to accumulation of solutes on one side of the membrane and depletion ...

This article presents a three-level approach to the analysis of downstream hydraulic geometry. First, empirical concepts based on field observations of ‘poised’ conditions in irrigation canals are examined. Second, theoretical developments have been made possible by combining basic relationships for the description of flow and sediment transport in alluvial rivers. Third, a relatively new conce...

Spatial characterization of soil physical properties could improve the estimation of surface irrigation performance. The aim of this research was to characterize the spatial and time variability of a set of irrigation related soil properties. The small-scale experimental level-basin (729 m) was located on an alluvial loam soil. A corn crop was established in the basin and irrigated five times d...

There are applications of barrier technology where the variability in hydraulic conductivity from point to point in the barrier, in addition to the average hydraulic conductivity of the barrier, is important. Throughout this chapter, the following application will be referred to in order to demonstrate this point: use of a circumferential soil-bentonite cutoff wall to completely enclose a conta...

WinSRFR is an integrated software package for analyzing surface irrigation systems. Software functionalities and technical features are described in a companion article. This article documents an example application. The analyzed field is a graded basin (close-ended border) irrigation system. The event analysis tools of WinSRFR are used first to evaluate performance of the irrigation system and...

Sub-surface irrigation with porous clay pipe can be an efficient, water saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Maximizing the efficiency of clay pipe irrigation requires guidelines and criteria for system design and operation. In this study, experimental and simulated (with HYDRUS (2D/3D)) soil wetting patterns were investigated for sub-surface pipe syst...

The integrator delay zero (IDZ) model presented by Litrico and Fromion is a simple way to model a canal for control purposes that extends the classical integrator delay model. This analytical model gives a very good frequency domain approximation of the Saint-Venant transfer matrix for a pool possibly in backwater conditions. The present paper shows how this model can be used to model an irriga...

The assessment of the erodibility of soil materials is essential for analyzing and modeling rill, gully, streambed, streambank, spillway, and embankment erosion. A submerged jet−testing apparatus has been developed and used for characterizing soil erodibility in several applications as cited in the literature. The apparatus has been developed based on knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics ...