33 GABA A receptors expressed in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) critically 34 regulate the activity of vagal motor neurons and, by inference, the gastrointestinal tract. Two 35 types of GABA A receptor-mediated inhibition have been identified in the brain, represented by 36 phasic (I phasic) and tonic (I tonic) inhibitory currents. The hypothesis that I tonic regulates neuron 37 activi...

A tonic pupil is usually caused due to parasympathetic denervation of the iris sphincter muscles. It's usually seen in females and in 80 % cases it's unilateral, and 4% of these cases progress to bilateral involvement. Adie's tonic pupil has been reported in literature to have multiple syndromic associations. Simultaneous bilateral occurrence of Adie's tonic pupil in an asymptomatic healthy adu...

Effect of ethanol consumption on fear response in human and conventional animal models (rodents) is controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol administration on fearfulness in poultry as an alternative animal model.Being a reliable measure in avian species, tonic immobility was used to evaluate the fear response in 60 roosters orally administered with ethanol. D...