The validation of software checks informally (e.g., by code reviews or tests) the conformance of the software executions to a speci cation. More rigorously, the veri cation of software proves formally the conformance of the software semantics (that is, the set of all possible executions in all possible environments) to a speci cation. It is of course di cult to design a sound semantics, to get ...

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to investigate the effects of a number of metal ions with DNA films on gold surfaces exploiting [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) as a solution-based redox probe. Alkaline earth metal ions Mg2+, Ca2+, trivalent Al3+, La3+ and divalent transition metal ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ have been selected in this study and the results are compared with previ...

Metal dissociation constants for glyoxalase I from human erythrocytes were determined by use of nitrilotriacetic acid as a metal buffer. The constants for Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ were (2.7 +/- 0.3) X 10(-11) M, (3.0 +/- 0.8) X 10(-10) M, (4.9 +/- 0.5) X 10(-9) M, and (1.0 +/- 0.2) X 10(-6) M, respectively, demonstrating that the natural cofactor, Zn2+, has the highest affinity for the apopro...

The crystal and molecular structures of [bis(5-chloro-2methoxybenzoate)tetraaquamanganese(II)], [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)cobalt(II)] (5chloro-2-methoxybenzoate), [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)nickel(II)] (5-chloro-2methoxybenzoate) and [aquabis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)zinc(II)] monohydrate were determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mn(H2O)4L2 (where L = C8H6ClO3...

The Complexes of the type ML2 and M′L [where M= Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II); M′= Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II)] with the Schiff base ligand (HMeOQMAMQ) L=3-[(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyquinolin-3-ylmethylene)amino]-2-methyl-3H-quinazoline-4-one, have been synthesized. Their characterizations have been done by elemental analysis, conductance data, magnetic susceptibility measurements, H NMR, electroni...

Hardware design using the hardware description language VHDL has to consider three independent property scales that in uence the design process from an abstract level to the gate level, namely the design view, the timing aspect, and the value representation. Considering this classi cation, a systematic way for design steps and their veri cation with special emphasis on VHDL is presented in this...

There is an increasing demand for innovative software that satisfy stringent quality and reliability requirements imposed by users. In recent years Object-Oriented (OO) paradigm is gaining acceptance for developing complex software. The current research so far in OO software engineering is focussed on problem analysis, software design and implementation techniques resulting in a potpourri of re...