a collection of numerous and diverse works has been published in the field of the iran-iraq war by the center for holy defense documentation and research. according to the researchers acknowledgement , the negin iran quarterly is one of the most documented publications in the field of history of the iran-iraq war which studies the historical facts and realities of the eight-year war and attempt...

objective: the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction with psychological health in women whose husbands had either suffered from psychiatric problems or been exposed to chemical warfare during iraq-iran imposed war. method: participants were selected from the war-affected women in mazandaran province in north of iran whose husbands had either suffe...

BACKGROUND Armed violence is a major public health and humanitarian problem in Iraq. In this descriptive statistical analysis we aimed to describe for the first time Iraqi civilian deaths caused by perpetrators of armed violence during the first 5 years of the Iraq war: over time; by weapon used; by region (governorate); and by victim demographics. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed the Iraq Bo...

The current insurgency warfare in Iraq is of an unconventional or asymmetrical nature. The deteriorating security has resulted in problems recovering and maintaining essential health services. Before the 2003 war, Iraq was considered a developed country with the capacity to routinely perform baseline medical and surgical care. These procedures now are performed irregularly, if at all. Due to th...

Since the end of the Cold War, nationalist, ethnic, and civic conflicts have proliferated around the globe. Thus, the optimistic notion of the “End of History” has degenerated into a “Clash of Civilizations,” at least according to some prominent thinkers of international relations.1 The United States, the United Nations, and other international actors have been drawn into several of these confl...

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'Gulf War syndrome' is a phrase coined after the 1991 Gulf War to group together disparate, unexplained health symptoms in Gulf veterans. This paper examines the many hypotheses that have been put forward about the origins of the concept and gives an overview of the studies that have attempted to explain the lasting health effects associated with Gulf service. Our review finds that although in ...

Scholars have long conceptualized public support for war as the product of a cost– benefit calculation in which combat casualties factor significantly. This article argues that, when calculating the human costs of conflict, Americans care about more than just the number of war dead; they also care about the distribution of those casualties across society. Using two original survey experiments, ...

The dissemination and control of information are indispensable ingredients of violent conflict, with all parties involved in a conflict or at war seeking to frame the discussion on their own terms. Those attempts at information control often involve the dissemination of misinformation or disinformation (i.e., information that is incorrect by accident or intent, respectively). We review the way ...