Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease, which affects many organs besides the pancreas such as liver, brain, eye, stomach, and kidney. Purpose: The current study aimed to evaluate role of nitric oxide in prevention diabetic nephropathy females after menopause. Methods: Our was carried out on 90 males with T2DM aged over 45 years, randomly selected from outpatient clini...

BACKGROUND Seasons may influence prenatal growth and future fertility. This study investigated whether season and month of birth influenced the timing of menopause in a group of women attending three Italian menopause clinics. METHODS AND RESULTS Age at menopause of 2822 post-menopausal women (>12 months of amenorrhoea) was stratified by month and season of birth. Mean age at menopause was 49...

OBJECTIVE To characterise symptoms experienced by women during the transition into natural menopause, to classify women into distinct symptom profiles or trajectories, and to relate these profiles to sociodemographic factors and health behaviours. DESIGN Nationally representative cohort study. SETTING England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS 695 women followed-up since birth in 1946 and...

The aim of the study was the assessment of the dependencies between a woman's menopausal status and adiposity, lipid profile and metabolic syndrome occurrence, as well as finding out whether the correlations between the socio-demographic profile and lifestyle elements and adiposity, lipid profile and the risk of MetS are the same before and after menopause. A cross-sectional study was carried o...

Menopause is one of the steps in women’s life which is accompanied by reducing physical and psychological abilities. Because estrogen and other hormonal influences during menopause affect the brain's regulation of mood, hormonal changes can cause some women to experience anxiety during menopause. Anxiety is a psychological state characterized by excessive and persistent worry, tension and nervo...

Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis in these two brain regions and also initiates a complex set of signal transduction pathways via estrogen receptors (ERs). Along with the classical genomic effects mediated by activation of ER α and ER β, there are me...

STUDY QUESTION Is type 1 diabetes a determinant of advanced ovarian ageing, resulting in an early age at natural menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER No clear evidence was provided that type 1 diabetes is a determinant of accelerated ovarian ageing resulting in an early menopause. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The association between type 1 diabetes and early menopause has been examined previously with incons...

INTRODUCTION To determine the knowledge and attitude towards menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) among postmenopausal women. METHOD A descriptive cross sectional study based on sample of convenience was conducted at outpatient services of Jinnah Medical College Hospital Karachi from 1st January 2005 to 30th April 2005. One hundred and two postmenopausal women who came to outpatien...

Menopause is the process of permanent cessation of menstrual periods in women.1 For the majority of women, menopause begins in the early fifties, although some women experience menopause earlier due to surgery, chemotherapy or other causes. The onset of menopause is usually heralded by the slowing and eventual cessation of menses, as well as other physical and mental symptoms which vary widely ...