This paper scrutinizes the effects of investor-state dispute settlements (ISDS) and national treatment provisions in a two-period model where foreign investment is subject to domestic regulation and a holdup problem. It shows that ISDS can mitigate the holdup problem and increases aggregate welfare, but comes with additional regulatory distortions for the first period. A national treatment prov...

In recent years, the Energy Charter Treaty has come under immense scrutiny and criticism for allegedly protecting fossil fuel industry undercutting sovereignty. As a key stakeholder in modernisation process, EU been determined to reform investment protection standards investor–state dispute settlement mechanism include new provisions on sustainable development climate change. However, after thr...

the legal texts of wto consist of about 60 agreements, annexes, decisions and understandings containing so many obligations which should be observed and enforced by member states. enforcement of these numereous obligations requires effective dispute settlement mechanisms to guarantee the proper function of the system. in wto two main mechanisms have been designed for this purpose. the first is ...

Construction work in its implementation is carried out based on a contract. If there are problems carrying construction work, dispute between the parties, this case service user and provider, will occur. Indonesia Law No. 2/2017 about Services (hereafter called UU 2/2017) provides new resolution model option if occur sector, namely through Dispute Board. The Board was created by International F...

one of important subjects in the civil procedure is the dispute in competence of judicial authorities. the title of chapter 2 of part1 of the civil procedure code, enacted by 1379 (articles 26-30) is the dispute in competence and method of settlement of it. there is no different between inherent and local competence in this chapter. moreover, there are not regulations about relative competence ...

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The concept of consumer protection is to guarantee legal certainty consumers, namely efforts empower consumers obtain or determine their choice goods and/or services and defend rights if business actors harm them. Legal norms protect the interests are not sufficient. Therefore, achieve a balance in protecting actors, clear order needed so that healthy economy can be realized. Consumer Protectio...