Contextualism in philosophy of language and in epistemology are two distinct but closely entangled projects. The epistemological thesis is grounded in a semantic claim concerning the context-sensitivity of the predicate “know”: we gain insight into epistemological problems by investigating our linguistic intuitions concerning knowledge attribution sentences. Our aim here is to evaluate the plau...

T. M. Scanlon I first began thinking of contractualism as a moral theory 38 years ago, in May of 1979. The idea was not entirely original. I was of course familiar with Rawls’ theory of justice, and influenced by it. A more direct source for the idea of justifiability to others as the basis of morality lay in remarks of Tom Nagel’s in Moral Questions. Rawls and Nagel had, perhaps, the wisdom no...

Epistemologists surveying the literature on “Kant’s epistemology” often feel at sea. Even bracketing differences in terminology and emphasis, Kant’s writing about knowledge can seem foreign to the contemporary discussion in a way that, for instance, Hume’s or Reid’s does not. Those working in Kant’s epistemology, on the other hand, dissect with great care his arguments about space and time as t...

• Internalism about justification is a very strong claim. Internalists hold that justification is entirely an internal matter. Even a position where justification is predominantly but not fully internal counts as externalist. • Epistemic justification is only one of many epistemic statuses that one can be an internalist or externalist about. Beliefs can be justified, rational, accurate, respons...

The modem brewing industry would seem at first sight o be an exemplar par excellence of a number of theoretical or economic postulates commonly used in business history. With its appeal to a mass consumer market and its relatively simple production technology, there were clearly opportunities to achieve scale economies. The emergence oflarge brewing companies inthe UK and USA from the nineteent...

Within investment treaties, reservations and carve-outs perform a crucial role in balancing protection liberalization with competing regulatory interests of States. While for taxation matters have been interpreted applied by significant number treaty tribunals, concerning other issues adjudicated much less frequently. The recent Award Global Telecom Holding v. Canada raises several key question...

Traditionally, the pre-theoretic notion of epistemic justification is thought to possess two properties: accessibility and truth-conduciveness. Epistemic justification is thought to be accessible in the sense that an agent S who is justified to believe a proposition p is in a position, even if only in principle, to access the item (assertion or cognition) that justifies p—whether that item be a...

it does not seem unlikely the permissibility of suicide in cases of mutual trouble -that has the more important criteria- and also where one is distressed and is suffering from a terminal disease, since the verses and traditions indicating the illegality of suicide are either unrelated to these cases and/or the subject of the reasons for emergency and the emergency rule includes these cases con...

Business decision making is an act of choosing between at least two competing simultaneously available investment alternatives. Cost benefit analysis enables direct and indirect measurement all relevant costs benefits expected in the future based on a given project. It justification investments expediency redirecting capital to projects. However, cost not method general optimization because it ...

Justification logics refine modal logics by replacing the usual necessity operator with a family of justification terms that embody reasons for the necessity of a formula, rather than simply recording the fact of necessity. Many common modal logics have justification counterparts. The connection between a modal logic and its justification counterpart is through a Realization Theorem, which says...