Area-selective atomic layer deposition is a key technology for modern microelectronics as it eliminates alignment errors inherent to conventional approaches by enabling material only in specific areas. Typically, the selectivity originates from surface modifications of substrate that allow or block precursor adsorption. The control process currently remains major challenge no-growth areas lost ...

The problem concerning the greenhouse effects of human activities has broadened in scope frbm the CO2-climate problem to the trace gas-climate problem. The climate ffects of non-CO 2 trace gases are strongly governed by interactions between chemistry, radiation, and dynamics. We discuss in delfiil the natuie of the trace gas radiative heating and describe the importance of radiative-chemical in...

The role of black carbon (BC) aerosols in climate change is important because of its strong capability in causing extinction of solar radiation. A three-dimensional interactive aerosol-climate model has been used to study the climatic impact of BC. The interannual variations of BC solar forcing derived from 20-year transient integrations are up to 4 times as large as the means mainly related to...

© The Ecological Society of America www.frontiersinecology.org T factors that determine properties of both ecosystems and the climate system have changed more rapidly in the past 50 years than during the previous 10 000 years (Steffen et al. 2004; Figure 1). Our children will probably see even more profound changes during their lifetimes. Some of these, such as changes in climate and atmospheri...

for beneficiation of converter slag, the role of surface phenomena on slag composition was studied. this work includes some experimental data, which were measured for basic oxygen steel (bos) slag in isfahan steel plant. all data were collected on site in the plant. the results support the idea that surface activity plays a major role in converter slag formation. it was also a new finding that ...

SEPTEMBER 2004 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | T hough much progress has been made in the development of coupled ocean–atmosphere models, many discrepancies remain between observations and model results. The tropical east Pacific (i.e., east of about 140°W) is a region in which the performance of coupled models has been problematic (Mechoso et al. 1995), with particular difficulty in the simu...

Abstract. The influence of the geographic distribution aerosol emissions on magnitude and spatial pattern their precipitation impacts remains poorly understood. In this study, global climate model NCAR CESM1 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model version 1.2) is used in coupled atmosphere–slab ocean mode to simulate hydrological-cycle response a fixed amount comp...

The death toll by heatstroke in Japan, especially in Kanto region, has sharply increased since 1994 together with large interannual variability. The surface air temperature and humidity observed during boreal summers of 1980-2010 were examined to understand the role of climate in the death toll. The extremely hot days, when the daily maximum temperature exceeds 35 °C, are more strongly associat...

Uncertainty in the spatial pattern of climate change is dominated by divergent predictions among climate models. Model di erences are closely linked to their representation of climate feedbacks, that is, the additional radiative fluxes that are caused by changes in clouds, water vapour, surface albedo, and other factors, in response to an external climate forcing. Progress in constraining this ...