Fructose has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In contrast to glucose, CNS delivery of fructose in rodents promotes feeding behavior. However, because circulating plasma fructose levels are exceedingly low, it remains unclear to what extent fructose crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert CNS effects. To determine whether fructose can be endogenously generated...

RCVS: Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome; rtPA: recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; CT: Computed Tomography; ICH: Intracerebral Hemorrhage; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MRR: MR Renography; ACA: Anterior Cerebral Artery; MIS: Minimally Invasive Surgery; TCD: Transcranial Doppler; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; MISTIE: Minimally Invasive Surgery plus rt-PA...

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalogram (EEG) effect was combined with intracerebral glutamate determinations using microdialysis for rats receiving norfloxacin intravenously (150 mg/kg of body weight). The EEG effect (accompanied by tremors and seizures) was consistently observed without glutamate level modifications. Therefore, norfloxacin-inducted seizures are no...

OBJECTIVES The incidence of ischemic stroke has increased and that of hemorrhagic stroke has decreased in urban China; however, the trends in rural areas are unknown. We aimed to explore the secular trends in incidence and transition of stroke subtypes among rural Chinese. METHODS This was a population-based stroke surveillance through the Tianjin Brain Study. A total of 14,538 residents in a...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The brain-specific astroglial protein GFAP is a blood biomarker candidate indicative of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with symptoms suspicious of acute stroke. Comparably little, however, is known about GFAP release in other neurological disorders. In order to identify potential "specificity gaps" of a future GFAP test used to diagnose intracerebral hemorrhage, we ...

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite causing asymptomatic, persistent encephalitis. Protective CD4 and CD8 T cells are recruited to and accumulate in the brain in acute Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE), with slowly decreasing numbers in chronic TE. It is unclear how the size of the intracerebral T cell pool is regulated. Conceivably, permanent recruitment, proliferation, and apoptosis may be involved. W...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine whether intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage have different incidence patterns based on monthly variations in meteorological and air pollution parameters in the Seongdong district of Seoul, South Korea. METHODS From January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2014, 1,477 consecutive hemorrhagic stroke events (>19 years old) were registe...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Observations in human interventional stroke treatment led us to hypothesize that iodinated radiographic contrast material use may contribute to intracerebral hemorrhage. Effects of intra-arterial iodinated radiographic contrast material on hemorrhagic transformation after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion were studied in a placebo-controlled, blinded precli...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The differential diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage versus ischemic stroke has critical implications for stroke management. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) has been shown to identify intracerebral hemorrhages and intracerebral vessel occlusions. We conducted this study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of TCCS in this differential diagnosis ...