Introduction: The 17β-estradiol acts as a neurosteroid in the brain and modulates nociception by binding to the estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like glutamate receptors. Paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus (LPGi) is one of the important brain regions implicated in the pain modulation. So, this study was designed to evaluate the ...

introduction: tympanoplasty is a standard procedure to repair tympanic membrane perforation. the aim of this study is to evaluate the results of tympanoplasty (hearing improvement and tympanic membrane closure rate) in patients suffering from chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane by considering the prognostic factors.  materials and methods: in a prospective study, based on the results o...

Hemangiomas of the tympanic membrane are extremely rare. We present the third reported case and, to our knowledge, the first capillary hemangioma of the tympanic membrane. These deep purple polypoid tumors are asymptomatic while small but enlarge slowly to erode adjacent structures. They arise characteristically from the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane without involving the middle ear. ...