The high incidence of armed conflicts in biodiverse regions poses significant challenges in achieving international conservation targets. Because attitudes towards risk vary, we assessed different strategies for protected area planning that reflected alternative attitudes towards the risk of armed conflicts. We find that ignoring conflict risk will deliver the lowest return on investment. Optin...

in their to implement international treaties – as the most important source of international law – member states are likely to face two questions: 1. as regards the interpretation of the concerned treaty, with whom does the competency and jurisdiction rest an international judicial authority or specific authorities of the member state? in the latter case, which authority will enjoy such compete...

following a period of conflict between russia and the west, new signs of confrontation between the united states and china are observed. china as the most populous country in the world with the highest rate of economic growth at international level, china neither stands the hegemonic power of the united states nor has the intention of direct confrontation with it. in effect, china seeks to find...

Two studies examined the relationship between the need for cognitive closure and preferences for conflict-resolution strategies in 2 different samples of elite political actors. Although research has suggested that high need for closure should be associated with competitiveness, the authors argue that this relationship should be strongest among political actors with a hostile conflict schema, o...

The Chinese value of harmony is often considered literally as the need to avoid conflict. Recent experiments have shown that Chinese people can value and use conflict to explore issues, make effective decisions, and strengthen relationships when they communicate that they want to manage the conflict for mutual benefit rather than win at the other’s expense. Field studies document that cooperati...

This is the summary report, which can be accessed at and as well as in the " CSS Environment and Conflict Transformation " Series (www.isn.ethz.ch > " Publishing House " > " Publication Series "). An 18-page summary of this full report can be accessed at the same websites. The Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zurich is a Swiss academic center of com...

This essay presents an overview of the literature on the ways in which space, spatiality, and proximity are theoretically important in the examination of international conflict behavior, for example, to agentstructure models of opportunity, notions concerning diffusion, the loss-of-strength gradient, and the effects of distance and space. The opportunity and willingness framework is used to org...

FriEnt is a Working Group of: Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF) | Church Development Service (EED) | Civil Peace Service Group | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH | Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) | Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) | Heinrich-Böll-Foundation (hbs) | Misereor/Catholic Central Agency for Development Aid ...