This paper extends the analysis of the choice between internal and external R&D to consider the costs of internal R&D. The underlying hypothesis is that the choice of R&D mode is determined by their relative costs. Rather than merely estimating a reduced form probit model for R&D mode, we employ the Heckman two-stage estimator to estimate in addition the determinants of internal R&D unit cost (...

The mechanical performance of cemented or screw-retained implant-supported crowns with an internal or external configuration is yet to be understood. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of screw-retained and cement-retained prostheses on internal and external implant-abutment connections. Thereby, the reliability and failure modes of crowns were investigated. Eighty-four implants (Emfils; ...

a 73-year-old woman who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting for coronary artery stenosis six years ago, presented with right lower extremity claudication. angiography revealed right external artery stenosis. elective external iliac ptca was performed complicated with simultaneous external iliac artery and vein rupture that was an exceedingly rare event. retroperitoneal laparotomy with...

Economic activities within and between networked organizations can be coordinated via hierarchies (internal coordination) or markets (external coordination). There are theories that explain both agency theory (Jensen transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1985). It is assumed that networked organizations design their organization and network of trading partners such that the sum of internal an...

The aim of the current study was to compare the internal and external attributions of success and failure in a sample including recreational gamblers and non-gamblers. Seventy-seven participants (32 males 44 females, 1 unknown sex), ranging in age from 18 to 72 years, who had all gambled at some time in their life, participated in the current study. The Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causa...

OBJECTIVE Direct measures of health care affordability from the user perspective are needed to monitor equitable access to publicly funded health care in Canada. The objective of our study was to develop a survey-based measure of healthcare affordability applicable to the Canadian context. METHODS We developed items after focus group exploration of access and cost barriers in the healthcare t...