Biological specimens are intrinsically three dimensional; however, because of the obscuring effects of light scatter, imaging deep into a tissue volume is problematic. Although efforts to eliminate the scatter by "clearing" the tissue have been ongoing for over a century, there have been a large number of recent innovations. This Review introduces the physical basis for light scatter in tissue,...

Epithelia and mesenchyme interact during various physiologic and pathologic processes. Scatter factor is a mesenchyme-derived cytokine that stimulates motility, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelia. Recent studies suggest that scatter factor and its receptor (c-met) mediate mesenchyme/epithelia signalling and even interconversion. In this mini-review, we will discuss how scatter factor...

This paper reports on a further development of an image simulation chain, and in particular, the inclusion of contrast degradation across an image using scatter to primary ratios calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo technique, using the Geant4 toolkit, has been implemented to model the scatter conditions when imaging the CDMAM phantom with commercial digital mammography. Obs...

Pairs of discrete event time series are characterised by their asynchronous nature, often hampering direct application of otherwise common analysis methods. For correct application of scatter plots, pairs of discrete event time series first have to be pre-processed and merged into a new synthetic time series of so-called coobservations. While standard scatter plots suggest analysis of global st...

Soft tissue images from portable cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners can be used for diagnosis and detection of tumor, cancer, intracerebral hemorrhage, and so forth. Due to large field of view, X-ray scattering which is the main cause of artifacts degrades image quality, such as cupping artifacts, CT number inaccuracy, and low contrast, especially on soft tissue images. In this work,...

We show that the observed scatter in the relations between the mass of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), Mbh, and the velocity dispersion σsph or mass Msph of their host spheroid, place interesting constraints on the process that regulates SMBH growth in galaxies. When combined with the observed properties of early-type SDSS galaxies, the observed intrinsic scatters imply that SMBH growth is re...