I am grateful to Professor Kyburg for taking the time to study my book Causality, and for summarizing its main ideas in such an accurate and insightful way. I would like to comment on one issue that Professor Kyburg considers central, and I consider tangential to the study of causality—the distinction between relative frequencies and subjective beliefs. True, frequencies are often the basis upo...

Five thousand human resource (HR) professionals were surveyed regarding the extent to which they agreed with various HR research findings. Responses from 959 participants suggest that there are large discrepancies between research findings and practitioners’ beliefs in some content areas, especially selection. In particular, practitioners place far less faith in intelligence and personality tes...

We consider settings where a collective intelligence is formed by aggregating information contributed from many independent agents, such as product reviews, community sensing, or opinion polls. We propose a novel mechanism that elicits both private signals and beliefs. The mechanism extends the previous versions of the Bayesian Truth Serum (the original BTS, the RBTS, and the multi-valued BTS),...

Even an "elementary" intelligence for control of the physical world will require very many kinds of knowledge and ability. Among these are ones related to perception, action, and reasoning about "near space": that region comprising one’s body and the portion of space within reach of one’s effectors; chief among these are individuation and categorization of objects. These in turn are made useful...

Despite the abundance of evidence that human perception is penetrated by beliefs and expectations, scientific research so far has entirely neglected the possible impact of religious background on attention. Here we show that Dutch Calvinists and atheists, brought up in the same country and culture and controlled for race, intelligence, sex, and age, differ with respect to the way they attend to...

The adoption of Nash equilibrium (NE) in real–world settings is often impractical due to its too restrictive assumptions. Game theory and artificial intelligence provide alternative solution concepts. When knowledge about opponents utilities and types is not available, the appropriate solution concept for extensive–form games is the self–confirming equilibrium (SCE), which relaxes NE allowing a...

The concept of agency is important in philosophy, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. Our aim in this paper is to highlight some of the issues that arise when considering the concept of agency across these disciplines. We discuss two different views of agency: agents as actors (the originators of purposeful deliberate action); and agents as intentional systems (systems to which we a...

Women have long been underrepresented in undergraduate engineering programs. Women may drop out of engineering programs when they become discouraged by low exam scores. In this project, we examine whether women earn lower exam scores than men and whether Dweck’s model of self-theories explains the difference. Dweck proposed two categories for individuals’ beliefs about intelligence: incremental...

We describe a computer tutor designed to help students understand physics concepts. The tutor uses a teaching strategy called "bridging analogies" that previous research has demonstrated to be successful in one-on-one tutoring. The strategy is designed to remedy misconceptions by appealing to existing correct intuitions, and extending these intuitions by encouraging analogical thinking. Student...

This study reviews and analyzes language teacher research in the era of artificial intelligence between 2013 2023 using CiteSpace. The results indicate that hotspots encompass teachers' technological integration ability, affective attitudes, teaching content, instructional effectiveness. developmental trajectory is evident shift content from PCK to TPACK, exploration internal beliefs external e...