BACKGROUND Few autism spectrum disorder (ASD) studies have estimated non-medical costs for treatment or addressed possible differences in provision of services across gender, race-ethnic, age or demographic or expenditure categories, especially among adults. METHODS The California Department of Developmental Services (CDDS) provides services to residents with developmental disabilities. CDDS ...

Mental retardation (MR) is one of the few clinically important disorders for which the etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood. It is a condition of great concern for public health and society. MR is currently defined as a significant impairment of cognitive and adaptive functions, with onset before age 18 years. It may become evident during infancy or early childhood as developmental delay...

Four children with mental retardation were studied in the context of a multiple baseline across subjects design. Staff members used a modified version of the milieu teaching method to facilitate intentional requesting. The results replicated the finding that a modified version of milieu teaching was effective in facilitating the use of intentional requesting by children with developmental delay...

Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior with an age of onset being less than 18 years. The prevalence of intellectual disability/developmental delay is 1 – 3 % in the general population. The definition of mental retardation/intellectual disability Shift from ‘Mental retardation’ to ‘Intellectual disability’ in the 2002...

We followed 74 children with autistic disorder (AD) and 39 children with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS) for 17-38 years in a record linkage study. Rates of disability pension award, marital status, criminality and mortality were compared between groups. Disability pension award was the only outcome measure that differed significantly between the AD and PDD NO...

A triaxial model for autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is presented, incorporating age, degree of intelligence, and severity of autistic features. As the name implies, ASD can vary in degree of expression from minimal to profound. Furthermore, the symptoms of ASD change in predictable ways with the passage of time. For example, echolalia during early childhood may be replaced by verbal literalis...

PACHTR1 is expressed in cardiovascular and neurological tissues. In the brain, it has a role pre- post-natal maturation. Previously reported PHACTR1 -mutated patients showed early-onset epilepsy intellectual disability. We describe two unreported cases with de novo pathogenic variants their clinical pictures, compared those of already literature. line previous reports, presented developmental e...

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a heterogeneous autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in genes belonging RAS-MAPK pathway. Herein, we described two patients with developmental delay and syndromic features from Central Brazil diagnosed NS using an exome sequencing target gene panel. Germline mutation that participates the signaling pathway are associated disorders share particular cli...

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in world, and patients are more prone to intellectual functioning deficits, developmental issues, academic performance issues. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). While cardiac ADHD symptoms frequently misdiagnosed and, as result, undertreated, t...

Abstract The assumption by ICD-11 of Intellectual Disability (ID) as part the Neurodevelopmental Disorders, named Developmental Disorders (IDD), bring more attention psychiatric community to this population and problems they face. In field neurodevelopmental disorders, different diagnosis intersect, since share symptoms, some those symptoms are difficult define. At same time, difficulty people ...