like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

This paper studies the regional differences of intellectual property rights (IPRs), revealing IPRs protection’s regional difference in China. By introducing “implementation effect” to adjust G-P Index, it can be realized that China’s IPRs protection have been steadily improved, and there has been obvious and steady differences in IPRs. Developed districts have higher protection level of IPRs th...

Since the TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) came into effect, Brazil, like other developing countries, has become more assertive in multilateral negotiations and begun to argue that the present international system of intellectual property should be better adapted to its needs and interests. In doing so, the country has emphasized that intellec...

“Intellectual property protection is important, but, almost of necessity, imperfect. It is harder and therefore more costly to define than conventional property, and by the same token, it is costlier to enforce intellectual property rights. In some cases, the inventor gets more than his marginal contribution, in other cases, less. Intellectual property protection strengthens dynamic efficiency ...

Intellectual property (“IP”) is often credited with providing an incentive for inventors to develop their creativity. Through IP protection, inventors can recoup their investment and make a profit. That idea, which has inspired legislators worldwide, is currently challenged in the European case law on competition. In the last twenty years, five cases have limited, in the name of competition, th...

Submerged breakwaters are one of the shore protective structures. Any discontinuity in these breakwaters causes changes on current parameters including speed and water surface profile. In this paper, discontinuous submerged breakwaters were modelled to investigate the changes in the wave and flow pattern.To investigate the phenomenon, three models including a shore with constant slope, a shore ...