May-June 2012 To the Editor: In the SeptemberOctober 2011 issue, Daniel Groll addresses the question of what health care providers can know about patients’ interests (“What Health Care Providers Know”). He offers helpful refinements to my claim in Patient, Heal Thyself (Oxford, 2008) that generally health providers cannot know what serves patient interests. I am honored that a careful student o...

During COVID-19, various public institutions tried to shape citizens’ behaviour slow the spread of pandemic. How did their authority affect support measures taken combat COVID-19? The article makes two contributions. First, it presents a novel conceptualisation as source heuristic. Second, analyses four types (health ministries, universities, health agencies, WHO) in countries (Germany and UK),...

The authority of a leader is enhanced when her commands or recommendations for action are obeyed. The authority of a leader is also enhanced when her commands are "principled" based on good reasons and therefore the leader is seen to be acting in the interests of her followers. But for a leader interested in maintaining her authority, there is often a con ict between these strategies. For examp...

We consider the extent to which individuals’ perceptions of an authority’s legitimacy affect their intrinsic compliance motivations. Identifying this relationship empirically is challenging because actions and institutions that might affect legitimacy generally also affect citizens’ material incentives. We formalize this identification problem and describe sufficient conditions under which a “p...

Expert organizations increasingly adopt participatory strategies to strengthen their knowledge claims. We introduce the notion of platforms for sustainability conceptualize expert that not only rhetorically embrace but also actively attempt institutionalize norm stakeholder participation in seeking authority governance. In doing so, they encounter a tension between ambition and conventional fou...

a number of new concepts have emerged in the last two decades whose proponents claim that if achieved, they would deliver more sustainable urban environments. among them, new urbanism and urban village are the ones with the most theoretical support and practical application. both ideas, however, have been criticized in several grounds. but no study has been carried out to show the effectiveness...

This paper presents a comparative study of forest management across four countries in East Africa and Latin America: Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, and Mexico. It focuses on one question: Do varying proportions of women (low, mixed, high) in forest user groups influence their likelihood of adopting forest resource enhancing behavior? We found that higher proportions of females in user groups, and espe...

5. Auditor or Certification Authority certifies that the election results are correct and have been determined as originally specified. Who the Auditor is depends on who the results are being certified for. In physical elections in the US this role is played by a specified government/judicial official. In physical elections in some countries like India, this role is played by a citizen who is n...