Influenza vaccines elicit antigen-specific antibodies and immune memory to protect humans from infection with drift variants. However, what supports or limits vaccine efficacy and duration is unclear. Here, we vaccinated healthy volunteers with annual vaccine formulations and investigated the dynamics of T cell, natural killer (NK) cell and antibody responses upon restimulation with heterologou...

BACKGROUND The first pandemic season of A/H3N2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the United States, but it was the second pandemic season of A/H3N2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in England. We further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period. METHODS We estimated the influenza-related exc...

Protection against influenza is mediated by neutralizing antibodies, and their induction at high and sustained titers is key for successful vaccination. Optimal B cells activation requires delivery of help from CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In lymph nodes and tonsils, T-follicular helper cells have been identified as the T cells subset specialized in helping B lymphocytes, with interleukin-21 (IL-21) a...

Thirty-eight elderly female subjects (aged 80 +/- 7 years, mean +/- standard deviation) were randomized to immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing either purified surface antigen (n = 18) or whole virus (n = 20) components from A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1), A/Beijing/353/89 (H3N2), and B/Panama/45/90 strains. Humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by meas...

Influenza infection is the most common viral infection causing respiratory illness. Influenza pneumonia is the most severe complication of influenza virus infection, resulting in high mortality.(1) Although seasonal influenza viruses are commonly detected by rapid antigen testing of nasopharyngeal swabs, a swine flu virus (H1N1) is rarely isolated.(1) Therefore, anti-influenza therapy should be...

Annotation. Timely detection of influenza cases and modern opportunities for prevention the disease are becoming important in season increasing incidence respiratory diseases a pandemic COVID-19.The aim was to study clinical laboratory features children 2021/2022, who were hospitalized departments Vinnytsia City Hospital “Mother Child Center” since December 2021 till February 2022, as well anal...

Antigen-specific, CD8+, cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) could potentially provide resistance to several infectious and malignant diseases. However, the cellular requirements for the generation of specific CTLs in human lymphocyte cultures are not well defined, and repetitive stimulation with antigen is often required. We find that strong CD8+ CTL responses to influenza virus can be generated fro...

RATIONALE HIV-infected adults are at an increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections. HIV infection impairs systemic acquired immunity, but there is limited information in humans on HIV-related cell-mediated immune defects in the lung. OBJECTIVE To investigate antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses to influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens ...

The functional characteristics of CD8+ T cells specific for melanoma antigens (MAs) have often been defined after in vitro culture using nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells. We have examined CD8+ T-cell immunity to MAs and a viral antigen (influenza) in uncultured T cells of healthy donors and melanoma patients using autologous, mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with pe...

BACKGROUND The potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. This assay is relatively easy to standardize, it is not technically demanding, and it is capable of measuring the potency of several vaccine strain subtypes in a multivalent vaccine. Nevertheless, alternative methods that retain the major advantages of the SRID, but with a ...