has to be expanded further to provide for a study of evolution and formation of Indian languages in the Indian language union (sprachbund). The paper analyses the stages in the evolution of early writing systems which began with the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Providing an example from the Indian Hieroglyphs used in Indus Script as a writing system, a stage anterior to the s...

Understanding the syntax of an undeciphered writing is a significant challenge. This can provide important clues to the nature of writing and guide potential decipherments. Here we evaluate a set of computational tools that can help us address this problem. We show that significant aspects of the writing can be inferred through this approach without making any assumption about the underlying co...

The present study explored the changes in monthly streamflow Hindukush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKH) region within Pakistan using recently developed trend analysis method known as innovative polygon (IPTA). data of 34 gauging stations installed HKH was analyzed, and Pettitt test applied to check homogeneity time series. entire area divided into 13 sub-basins, then each sub-basin were IPTA method. hi...