Enhanced Positioning Systems (EPS) are able to supplement Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in indoor environments where GPS cannot work because of disrupted or weak signals. Most EPS are Wifi-based because Wifi is a common technology available in many indoor environments and is deployed in cost effective manner. Fingerprinting and Trilateration are the two general methods used for calculating p...

Human exposure to indoor pollutant concentrations is receiving increasing interest in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). We address this issue by incorporating an indoor compartment into the USEtox model, as well as by providing recommended parameter values for households in four different regions of the world differing geographically, economically, and socially. With these parameter values, intake f...

Intelligent navigation and facility management in complex indoor environments are issues at the forefront of geospatial information science. Indoor spaces with fine geometric and semantic descriptions provide a solid foundation for various indoor applications, but it is difficult to comprehensively extract free multi-floor indoor spaces from complex three-dimensional building models, such as th...

Road networks are important for modelling the urban geographic environment. It is necessary to determine the spatial relationships of road intersections when using maps to help researchers conduct virtual urban geographic experiments (because a road intersection might occur as a connected cross or as an unconnected bridge overpass). Based on the concept of using different map layers to organize...

Many indoor-housed cats seem to survive perfectly well by accommodating to less than perfect surroundings. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in the cats we treat, however, do not seem to permit adaptive capacity of healthy cats, so these cats may be considered a separate population with greater needs. Moreover, veterinarians are concerned more with optimizing environments of indoor cats than with id...

OBJECTIVES Airborne particle concentrations can be used as quality indicators of indoor environments. The previous lack of reference data has limited the use of particle measurements in office environments. The aim of this study was to describe the concentrations of airborne particles (≥ 0.5 μm and ≥ 5.0 μm) in 122 Finnish office buildings with suspected indoor air problems. MATERIALS AND MET...

Indoor positioning technologies has boomed recently because of the growing commercial interest in indoor location-based service (ILBS). Due to the absence of satellite signal in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), various technologies have been proposed for indoor applications. Among them, Wi-Fi fingerprinting has been attracting much interest from researchers because of its pervasive de...

In the current treatment of mold allergy, there are two modalities: Preventive and therapeutic approaches. Preventive approaches include measurements against indoor as well as outdoor molds. Relative humidity is suggested to maintain at <50% indoor environments. Windows are kept closed in warm months and air-conditioning ought to be used. Indoor plants, as a possible cause of allergen, should b...

Recent advances in molecular methods have dramatically improved knowledge of the microbial communities and their diversity in indoor environments. We have retrieved over 150 references with results of indoor microbial investigations and environmental factors. Representative papers are summarized here. The results show that buildings are complex, ecosystem-like, and that collaboration between mi...