Most indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in higher plants is conjugated to amino acids, sugars, or peptides, and these conjugates are implicated in regulating the concentration of the free hormone. We identified iar1 as an Arabidopsis mutant that is resistant to the inhibitory effects of several IAA-amino acid conjugates but remains sensitive to free IAA. iar1 partially suppresses phenotypes of a mutant...

Phytohormones regulate the protective responses of plants against both biotic and abiotic stresses by means of synergistic or antagonistic actions referred to as signaling crosstalk. A bottleneck in crosstalk research is the quantification of numerous interacting phytohormones and regulators. The chemical analysis of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid is typi...

objective: this study aimed to assess the destructive effects of citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid produced from the fermentation of foods on primary teeth enamel.   methods: this in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 24 sound primary teeth. the teeth were polished with a fine abrasive paper under running water. tooth pieces measuring 3 × 4 × 3mm were cut out of the teeth and sto...

A novel anaerobic, mesophilic, protein-utilizing bacterial strain, GW(T), was isolated from the mesophilic hydrogen-producing granular sludge used to treat food industry wastewater. The strain was a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile rod. Growth of the strain was observed at 20-48 degrees C and at pH 6.4-10.0. The strain used yeast extract and peptone as carbon and energy sources. ...