In dip-pen nanolithography ~DPN!, nanoscale chemical patterns are created by directly transferring chemical molecules from the tip of an atomic force microscope probe to a surface. We report the development of a thermally actuated probe array for DPN applications. The array consists of ten thermal bimorph actuated probes, each 300 mm long, with a lateral spacing of 100 mm. The probes are actuat...

Many neurons are now known to undergo dramatic morphological or biochemical changes long after they have completed differentiation and maturation. The ability of fully mature neurons to alter their transmitter phenotype has been amply demonstrated in culture, but direct in vivo data on single neurons have been difficult to obtain. Here we show that a set of 4 individually identified neurosecret...

We have studied synaptic plasticity in hippocampal cell cultures using a new imaging approach that allows unambiguous discrimination of presynaptic function at the level of single synaptic boutons. Employing a protocol designed to test for use-dependent plasticity resembling N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (NMDA-type LTP), we find that brief tetanic stimuli induce...

The aim of this work is the parallel solution of large 3D-CFD problems concerning the numerical description of turbulent combustion and pollutant formation processes in coal-fired utility boilers. The in-house developed multi-domain CFD code AIOLOS for quasi-stationary, weakly compressible, turbulent reacting flows is used. The code is based on a conservative finite-volume formulation with a co...

Breast-feeding can reduce the incidence and the severity of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in the suckling neonate by providing additional protective factors to the infant's mucosal surfaces. Human milk provides protection against a broad array of infectious agents through redundancy. Protective factors in milk can target multiple early steps in pathogen replication and target each...

The two-note fee-bee song of male black-capped chickadees functions during the dawn chorus, in part, as a sexual signal across large distances. How song structuremight encode information about male quality, however, remains unclear. We studied the availability of cues to male social rank (a proxy indicator of male quality), within the acoustic structure of dawn chorus songs of male chickadees w...

It is argued that randomized, controlled trials should fulfil a critical role in the identification of practical approaches to the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Because of the great public health potential of chemopreventive and behavioural approaches to chronic disease prevention there is need for a major interdisciplinary scientific effort aimed at intervention development. Beca...