We consider the indirect covering subtree problem (Kim et al., 1996). The input is an edge weighted tree graph along with customers located at the nodes. Each customer is associated with a radius and a penalty. The goal is to locate a tree-shaped facility such that the sum of setup and penalty cost is minimized. The setup cost equals the sum of edge lengths taken by the facility and the penalty...

AIM Present study calculates and analyzes Cost of illness of tuberculosis in Tehran. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a descriptive analytical study conducted among 121 patients in two stages in 2011. In the first stage, questionnaires were collected by reviewing patient records and phone interviews with patients. The second stage deals with the calculation of costs. For cost calculation, ...

This paper describes a general code-improving transformation that can coalesce conditional branches into an indirect jump from a table. Applying this transformation allows an optimizer to exploit indirect jumps for many other coalescing opportunities besides the translation of multiway branch statements. First, dataaow analysis is performed to detect a set of coalescent conditional branches, wh...

This paper focuses on the indirect human costs associated with the adoption of Information Systems. In doing so, the authors establish a need to account for these cost factors during the investment evaluation processes. In moving from a conceptual level to an empirical phase, the validity of the taxonomy proposed is tested by way of a case study that involves two multinational organizations. Th...

The complexity of humans' cooperative behavior cannot be fully explained by theories of kin selection and group selection. If reciprocal altruism is to provide an explanation for altruistic behavior, it would have to depart from direct reciprocity, which requires dyads of individuals to interact repeatedly. For indirect reciprocity to rationalize cooperation among genetically unrelated or even ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative socioeconomic costs of benign cranial base tumors treated with open surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery. METHODS In a retrospective study, we studied 174 patients with benign cranial base tumors, less than 3 cm in diameter (or volume less than 30 ml), admitted in the past 5 years. Group A (n = 94) underwent open surgery for removal...

OBJECTIVE Understanding the costs of influenza-associated illness in Bangladesh may help health authorities assess the cost-effectiveness of influenza prevention programs. We estimated the annual economic burden of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Bangladesh. DESIGN From May through October 2010, investigators identified both outpatients and inpatients at four te...

Using path analysis, we investigate the direct and indirect links between three measures of earnings quality and the cost of equity. Our investigation is motivated by analytical models that specify both a direct link and an indirect link that is mediated by information asymmetry, but do not suggest which link would be more important empirically. We measure information asymmetry as both the adve...

Asthma represents a growing public health problem and the cost of asthma has been rising in many countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect cost of asthma among adult patients in Italy, and to assess the relationship between healthcare resource use and asthma severity according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) classification system. A multicentre cross-se...