The present study probed 409 Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners' motivation and attitude toward English as an International Language (EIL) by investigating the causal relationships of their facets via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). To do so, the Persian version of the ‘attitudes toward EIL’ scale was designed and validated. It measures five constructs of: cultural realism, ...

Introduction: One of the most important aspects involved in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is academic performance. This study provides the e- learning validated model for learners with ADHD. Methods: This is a mixed method study. In the qualitative phase, 41 in- depth interviews conducted. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The e- learning method was...

this study examined and prioritized personal factors especially gender to gain managerial position in physical education general departments of iran western region including provinces of kurdistan, ilam, kermanshah and hamadan. the methodology was descriptive-survey. the sample was equal to the population (n=260). the research instruments were personal characteristics questionnaire, management ...

this study tries to expand the understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation at the organizational level. this research proposes a conceptual framework to explain the components of transformational leadership while focusing on the relationship between each component and organizational innovation. a sample of 219 managers from 63 companies in...

INTRODUCTION Satisfaction with the outcome of orthognathic treatment is generally high; however, an important minority remains dissatisfied with the results. The reasons for this could be inadequate patient understanding and preparation, external motivation, and unrealistic expectations. In-depth appreciation of these issues can be obtained using qualitative research methods, but there is a pau...

BACKGROUND Labor laws and regulations have inevitable effects on employees' work motivation as well as the overall efficiency and productivity of the organization. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to assess the effects of the "Countrywide Services Management Law" on the work motivation level of the employees of the Iranian Ministry of Health. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional stu...

While researchers have suggested that the social context in exercise settings is linked to individuals’ physical activity motivation and potential exercise-related outcomes, few research designs have examined the nuance of those relationships. Moreover, interventions targeting the social context of exercise settings are sparse, so the potential impact of staff training on members’ motivation to...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine smoking motivation and motivation to quit, and determinants of these motivations among HIV-infected cigarette smokers. METHODS We conducted a 1-day cross-sectional survey on cigarette smoking in a representative sample of HIV-infected outpatients of French hospitals. A cluster analysis was used to characterize respondents' smoking motivation. A ...

BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence for physical activity (PA) having a positive impact on physical and mental health as well as illness symptoms in individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). However, individuals with SMI experience several barriers that makes it difficult to take advantage of the benefits associated with PA. One barrier consistently reported to impede PA is motivational...