Environmental monitoring and enforcement are controversial and incompletely understood. This survey reviews what we do and do not know about the overall effectiveness, as well as the cost effectiveness, of pollution monitoring and enforcement. We ask five key questions: What do environmental monitoring and enforcement actions look like in the real world? How do we assess environmental complianc...

We introduce the possibility of direct punishment by specialized enforcers into a model of community enforcement. Specialized enforcers need to be given incentives to carry out costly punishments. Our main result shows that, when the specialized enforcement technology is suffi ciently effective, cooperation is best sustained by a “one-time enforcer punishment equilibrium,” where any deviation b...

This article explores the implementation of right to bail for prisoners during COVID-19. Using data from a sample 50 advocates collected through face-to-face questionnaire, probes lawyers’ perceptions functioning mechanism in pandemic. The also evaluates efficacy measures taken decongest prisons by critically reviewing criteria identified High-Powered Committees States releasing prisoners. Fina...

This paper is the second of two companion papers. The foundations of the proposed method of heuristic constraint enforcement on membership functions for knowledge extraction from a fuzzy/neural architecture was given in Part I. Part II develops methods for forming constraint sets using the constraints and techniques for finding acceptable solutions that conform to all available a priori informa...

The decreasing availability of cash assistance to single-parent families has resulted in increased policy attention to the private child support system. Child support is being considered as a potential income source for families who would have relied extensively on the welfare system in the past. The 1996 welfare reforms included several provisions designed to increase the importance of child s...

bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

The Do Not Track header (henceforth DNT:1) seeks to provide privacy protections against third party tracking through user request and regulation. It is our position that while DNT:1 is potentially useful as a purely informational tool for browser vendors and service providers, enforcement of the header suffers from a number of issues including covert circumvention, enforcement jurisdiction, man...